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Newman J.R. (ed.) — The World of Mathematics, Volume 4
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Íàçâàíèå: The World of Mathematics, Volume 4Àâòîð: Newman J.R. (ed.) Àííîòàöèÿ: Volume 4 of a monumental 4-volume set covers such topics as mathematical machines, mathematics in warfare, a mathematical theory of art, mathematics of the good, mathematics in literature, mathematics and music, and amusements, puzzles, and fancies. Individual contributions by A. M. Turing, Aldous Huxley, Sir James Jeans, Lewis Carroll, and other notables. Informative commentary by noted mathematics scholar James R. Newman precedes each essay. Numerous figures.
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Casualties, Bills of Mortality 1426—1431 Casualties, Bills of Mortality, (table) 1428 Cat and grain problem, Rhind papyrus 175—178 Cataldi, P.A., pentagon 615 Catenoid, surface 904 Cathode bombardment 841 Cathode rays 856 857 1066 Cattle problem 105—106 116 188 197—198 207 418 Cauchy, Augustin Louis, algebraic numbers 512 Cauchy, Augustin Louis, analytic functions, complex variable 323 324 332 Cauchy, Augustin Louis, group theory 1534 Cauchy, Augustin Louis, infinitesimal calculus 59 60 287 Cauchy, Augustin Louis, mathematics, formalizing 1971 Cauchy, Augustin Louis, monogenic function 2003 Causal structure 1836—1837 1843 1847 Causality, principle of 1053 1054 1057 Causes and effects 1384 1386 1387 1389—1390 1392 1784 1788—1789 Cavalieri, Bonaventura, method of indivisibles 41—42 135 137 Cavendish, Henry 811 884 927 Cayley, Arthur, commentary on 340 Cayley, Arthur, four-color problem 591 Cayley, Arthur, group theory 1534 Cayley, Arthur, invariants 163—164 341 342 344 350 359 Cayley, Arthur, Linear Transformations, On the Theory of 351 Cayley, Arthur, Mathematical Papers, Collected 362 Cayley, Arthur, plane curves 344 Cayley, Arthur, projective geometry 359 639 640 Cayley, Arthur, quantics 355 Cayley, Arthur, quoted 341 Cayley, Arthur, space geometry 160 342 Cayley, Arthur, “Invariant Twins” (Bell) 341—365 Cayley, Sir George 1023 1023 Celestial bodies, mechanics 1056 Celestial measurements, Brahe 218 Celestial wrath, signs 1326 Cells, magnitude 1031 1032—1033 Cells, microscopic organisms 1034 Cells, mitosis 691 692—693 Cells, nucleus 1043 Cells, surface-energy 1031 Center, fixation 36 Central vanishing point 604 Centrifugal force 800 Centroid, center of gravity 111 Ceres (planet), discovery 313—314 315 Certainty and probability, comparable 1327 Ceva, Giovanni 1201 Chace, Arnold Buffum 173 174 175 Chain’s, James, new planet, search for 832—833 834 835 836—837 Chain’s, James, Uranus, deviations 825 826 Chaldeans, cuneiform numerals 443 Chalmers, Patrick R., quoted 901 Chambre, Marin de la 786 Chance, accidents 1476 Chance, calculus of 1334 1524—1531 Chance, coefficient 1274—1275 Chance, consequences 1344 Chance, even 1348—1350 Chance, games of 1285—1293 1450 1454 1460 Chance, in history 1259 Chance, logarithm 1344 1345 Chance, Logic of (Venn) 1336 fn. Chance, objectivity 1391 Chance, sampling, effects on 1460—1461 1468—1477 Chance, theory of 1322 1327 1329 1336—1337 Chance, what it is 1380 Chapman, Abel 1020 fn. 1021 Characteristic function 161 162 164 Characters, socially valuable, individually disadvantageous 969—970 Charcoal, amorphous 984—985 Charistion 187 fn. Charles II (king of England), epitaph 27 Charles II (king of England), Royal Observatory 800 Charles II (king of England), Royal Society of London 786 1417 Chasles, Michel 102 133 151 631 Chaucer, Geoffrey, quoted 75 1267 1358 1996 Chazelles, Jean Mathieu de, planisphere 794 Chazelles, Jean Mathieu de, surveying 795 Chemical elements, atomic weights 910 911 913 Chemical elements, law of octaves 910 910 915—916 924 926 Chemical elements, new, discoveries 920 921 923 Chemical elements, periodic law 910 913—918 Chemical elements, periodic table 841 911 925 926 928 Chemical elements, physical characteristics 923—924 Chemical elements, zero group 927 928 931 Chemistry, A Hundred Years of (Findley) 911 fn. Chemistry, periodic law 910 Chemistry, prophecies 919 Chess, invention 2426 Chess, machine play 2069 2124—2133 Chess, mathematics 1778 2028 2029 Chess, no-move contest 1264 Children, finger counting 437—439 Chiliades (Tzetzes) 187 fn. Chiliagon 422 China, abacus 456—457 China, counting 99 China, integers 516 China, measuring a right angle 11 80 China, numerals 445 China, symbol for “three” 444 China, symbol for “two” 443 Chisholm, Roderick M., Fallibilism and Belief 1770 Chlorate of potash, crystals 865 Christian Faith, Apologia of the (Pascal) 135 Christina (queen of Sweden) 129 236 Christoffel, Elwin Bruno 162 352 chromatic aberration 260 263 Chromatic scales 100 Chromosome fiber, giant molecule 973 Chromosome, linear order 934 fn. Chromosome, nucleus, size 1035 1035 Chromosome, self reproduction 973 Chronology of the Ancient Kingdoms Amended (Newton) 273 274 Chronometer, marine 779 804 Chrysler Building, New York 1005 fn. Chrystal, George, Mathematics 1780 Church, A.H., Phyllotaxis, Relations to Mechanical Laws 719 Churchill, Winston 1242 Cicero 179 184 1028 Cilium, dimensions 1041 1041 Circle, area 14 40 97 101 174 882 886 Circle, circumference to diameter, ratio 63 Circle, combinations 226 Circle, continuum 1840—1841 Circle, cycle 2000—2002 Circle, describing 44 Circle, diameter bisecting 81 82 Circle, dividing 15 80 Circle, equation 34 36 Circle, Greek geometricians 11 Circle, measuring 12 14—15 1099 Circle, pathological 2002 Circle, perimeter 209 Circle, planetary motion 226 Circle, projection and section 628 630 633 Circle, properties 92 Circle, quadrature of 2378 2381—2382 Circle, satisfying three conditions 108 Circle, spiral 147 Circle, squaring 33 90 91 121 139 166 2339 Circle, tangent 37 53 Circle, two intersecting 359 Circular motion, planetary 96 126 227 Circular orbit 52 Cissoid 91 Civil life, arithmetic needful to 215 Civilization, specific term 2351 Clairaut, Alexis Claude 59 151 1326 Clarke — Leibniz controversy 683 687 Clarke, Alexander Ross, “Earth, Figure of the” 792 fn. Clarke, Gilbert 265 Class, notion of 1697 Classes, finite and infinite 538 Classes, numbers 65—66 Classes, similarity 540 Classical axiomatics 1724—1725 Classical Groups, The (Weyl) 1831 Classification, mathematics 85—86 Classification, men according to their natural gifts 1173—1188 Classification, scientific 8 409 Classification, table 1187 Cleavages, manner of formation 1243 Clerke, Agnes Mary 1316 fn. 1319 1321 Clifford, William Kingdon, commentary on 546—547 Clifford, William Kingdon, quoted 647 Clifford, William Kingdon, “Mathematical Laws, The Exactness of” 548—551 Clifford, William Kingdon, “Pure Sciences, The Philosophy of the” 547 Clifford, William Kingdon, “Scientific Thought, On the Aims and Instruments of” 547 Clifford, William Kingdon, “Space Theory of Matter, On the” 547 568—569 Clifford, William Kingdon, “Space, The Postulates of the Science of” 552—567 1760 Clocks, barometric pressure 806 Clocks, driven by weights 784 Clocks, early 804 Clocks, hands, rotation 715—716 Clocks, mechanical 46 803 804 Clocks, pendulum 732 784 793 797 798 Clocks, regulator 807 fn. clocks, synchronizing 1127—1133 1137—1142 Clocks, twentyfour hour 805 Co-ordinates 33 39 137 142 152 236 237 2333 Coalition formation 1270—1271 1282 1283 1293 1311 Coates, Robert M. 2261 Coates, Robert M., “The Law” 2268—2271 Cobb, H.E. 72 Codrington, R.H. 439 fn. Coefficient, differential 2337 Coexistence, On the Derivation of (Sylvester) 346 Cognition, theory of 647 648 Cohen, Morris R. 1396 Cohen, Morris R., Logic and Scientific Method, An Introduction to 1852 fn. coin tossing 1264 1286—1288 1311 1329 1331 1332 1409—1410 1411—1412 1449 1450 Coin tossing, Buffon’s table 2381 Colbert, Jean Baptiste, Academie Royale des Sciences 785—786 787 788 791 Colbert, Jean Baptiste, planisphere 794 Colburn, Zerah, mental calculations 465 471—472 473 478 483 485 Cole, F.N., factorization of large numbers 503 Cole, Humphrey, log, invention 789 Collected Works (Ramanujan) 367 Collection (Pappus) 110 207 245 Collins, John 271 Colors, aggregate 655—656 657 Colors, measurable 1809 Colors, natural 263 Columbium, discovery 923 Columbus, Christopher, 781, 783 combining volumes, law of 548 Comets, foretelling 1326 Comets, Halley’s 144 1326 1419 2212 Comets, orbits 268 Comma, use in numbers 459 Commensurable magnitudes, balance 195 Commercial prosperity, mathematics’ part in 5—6 commodities 1204 fn. 1205 1228—1229 Commutative laws 1927 Comparative anatomy 954 Compass, Duerer’s invention 613 Compass, variation 783 Complementarity 1049 1053—1055 Complex integers, Gaussian 325 Complex multiplication 371 complex numbers 31 60 71 119 162 308—309 322 529 Complex unity 30 31 Complex variable, analytic functions 322—323 332 337 Complexity, psychological meaning 2187 Composite numbers 101 Compound partitions, theory of 365 Computing machines 515—518 1308 Computing machines, analogy principle 2074 Computing machines, automatic 2066—2069 Computing machines, Babbage 517 2067 Computing machines, chess-playing 2124 2126—2133 Computing machines, complexity 441 Computing machines, computing 514 Computing machines, digital principle 517 2075 2102—2107 Computing machines, electronic 503 504 2125—2126 2129 Computing machines, imitation game 2099—2102 2106 2107 Computing machines, Leibniz’ 516 2066 Computing machines, living organisms, comparisons between 2077—2083 Computing machines, noise level, reducing 2076—2077 Computing machines, Pascal’s 134 515 Computing machines, precision and reliability requirements 2073 Computing machines, switching organs 2080 Computing machines, vacuum tube 2080 2081 Comte, Auguste 1756 1784 Conant, Levi Leonard, “Counting” 430 432—441 Concentration, principle, in warfare 2138—2157 Concepts, generalizing 25 Concepts, life of their own 2356 Conceptualistic theory, probability 1342—1348 1350 1354 Conchoid 91 Concrete numbers 24 Conditional sentence 1913—1917 Condorcet, Marquis de 1178 1189 1190 1365 1368 1370 1393 Cone, volume 94—95 97 Conformal mapping 337 Congenital altruism 970—971 Congruence 301—302 310 311 498 650 660 696—698 715 1942 Congruence and similarity, relationships 639 Conic sections, construction 200—205 Conic sections, curve of order two 113 Conic sections, cutting from single cone 133 Conic sections, duality 636 Conic sections, focus of 126 Conic sections, geometry 103 107—108 112 Conic sections, Greek knowledge of 236 Conic sections, projection and section 630 633 Conic sections, second degree equations 34 Conic sections, solar system 52 Conic sections, solid problems 91 Conjectural variation 1267 Conklin, Edwin G. 691 1032 Connectives, statemental 1879—1880 Connectivity in the small 1967—1968 Connectivity, topology 587 Consciousness, limen 1164 Conservation, law of 883 Conservative and radical theories (mathematics) 1709—1715 Consistency, solving the problem of 1673 1675 Constant stimuli, method of 1165 Constant sum profits 1271 1271 1276—1277 Constants, arbitrary 35 Constants, logical 1909—1910 Constants, meaning 38 Constants, motion 19 Constants, notation 131 Constants, relations 32 Constants, variabl 1901—1902 1904 Construction, mathematics 2342 Constructive intuition, method of 649 Contemporary Mind (Sullivan) 2013 fn. 2222 Contempt, effect of threats 1240 Continued fractions 104 105 374 Continuity and Irrational Numbers (Dedekind) 525 Continuity, mathematics 507 2410—2411 Continuity, mechanics 2412—2413 Continuity, order 1587 Continuity, principle of 41 558—559 1793—1794 1833 Continuity, straight line 528—529 Continuous aggregate 557 558 Continuous description and causality 1056—1058
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