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Newman J.R. (ed.) — The World of Mathematics, Volume 4
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Название: The World of Mathematics, Volume 4Автор: Newman J.R. (ed.) Аннотация: Volume 4 of a monumental 4-volume set covers such topics as mathematical machines, mathematics in warfare, a mathematical theory of art, mathematics of the good, mathematics in literature, mathematics and music, and amusements, puzzles, and fancies. Individual contributions by A. M. Turing, Aldous Huxley, Sir James Jeans, Lewis Carroll, and other notables. Informative commentary by noted mathematics scholar James R. Newman precedes each essay. Numerous figures.
Язык: Рубрика: Математика /Статус предметного указателя: Готов указатель с номерами страниц ed2k: ed2k stats Год издания: 2000Количество страниц: 448Добавлена в каталог: 07.04.2008Операции: Положить на полку |
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Numbers, infinite 1585 1602—1605 Numbers, integer 13 28 60 65 66 1838 Numbers, irrational 26 27 34 62—64 87—88 89 92 95 96 97 101 162 168 525—536 2034 2324 numbers, large 455 458 Numbers, logical definition 65—66 Numbers, magnitudes 17 2334 2335 Numbers, measures of lengths 17 35 Numbers, Mersenne 500—505 506 Numbers, mystic properties 2017 Numbers, named 491 494 Numbers, natural 500 1838 numbers, negative 6 27—28 30 33 34 65 96 115 119 147—148 162 Numbers, octads 418 426 Numbers, orders and periods 425—426 Numbers, ordinal 66 1584 1587 Numbers, pattern 136 Numbers, perfect 89 101 498 506 Numbers, points and lines, correspondence 33 Numbers, positive 27—28 34 65 96 Numbers, prime 101 157 501 505—506 Numbers, proportion 50 Numbers, rational 326 511 513 525 528 Numbers, rational reality 85 Numbers, real 34 50 63 65 96 534—536 1839 Numbers, redefinition 28 Numbers, relation 65—66 2334 Numbers, sequences 62 63 Numbers, series 63 Numbers, side, finding 207 fn. Numbers, square 84 Numbers, status in realm of things 408 409 Numbers, symbols 24 Numbers, symbols of the mortal 2329 Numbers, theory of 68 fn. 83 116 136 152 155 157 160 311 367 498—515 876 878 879 2436—2438 Numbers, Theory of (Hardy and Wright) 2033 Numbers, transcendental 499 514 1998 Numbers, triangular 84 Numbers, unnamed 491 492 494 495 Numbers, zeroNumbers, Introduction to the Theory of (Dickson) 500 Numerals to computation 456—464 Numerals, alphabetical 418 Numerals, Arabic 454 Numerals, beginnings 442 Numerals, changes in European (table) 454 Numerals, early Hindu 453—454 Numerals, finger 455—456 Numerals, large numbers 445 Numerals, modern 453 Numerals, modern, forbidden in commerce 451 Numerals, order 1807—1809 Numerals, Roman, large numbers 458 Numeration, decimal system 1839 Numerical algebra 26 Numerical laws, calculation 1820—1822 Numerical laws, derived measurement 1819—1820 Numerical laws, mathematical theories 1826—1829 Numerical laws, measurement 1809—1811 1814 Numerical laws, Newtonian assumption 1822—1826 Numerical laws, source of numerical relations 1815—1819 Numerical relations, source of 1815—1819 Numerical result, reaching 1791 Numero Terminorum Infinitas, De Analysi per Aequationes (Newton) 258 Nuremberg Council, Duerer’s paintings 600 fn. Observable facts, causal dependence 1065 Observation, concept 1054 Observation, continuous 1057 Observation, mathematical science 405 1758—1766 Observation, ratio determined through 1454—1455 Occam’s razor 389 1247 Occasion, immediate 407 Octads, Archimedes’ system 418 426 Octagon, rotation axis 875 Octagonal symmetry 707 Octahedron, characteristic shape of air 96 Octaves, law of, chemical elements 910 910 915—916 924 Ocular measure for distances 657 Odd perfect number 506 Ohm, Georg Simon 1150 Ohm, Martin 293 fn. Ohm’s Law 1150 Olbers, Heinrich 312 319 331 334 Oligopoly 1267 1268 1282 One, Babylonian numeral 444 One, early numeral 443 448 One, number 65 One-dimensional ornament 699 One-to-one correspondence 540 1063 1065 1593 1690 1945 Onslow, H. 1028 fn. Operational research 1245; 2158—2159 Operational research, hemibel thinking 2160—2161 Operator, selective 1563 1566—1569 Ophthalmoscope, invention 643 Opinions, difference of 1328—1329 Oppe, Paul, “Right and Left in Raphael’s Cartoons” 685 Optical polishing 263 Optically active crystalline substances 680 689 Opticks (Newton) 259 260 261 263 264 269 272 Opticks (Newton), quoted 266 273 286 Optics (Kepler) 141 Optics, geometrical 882 fn. Optics, Newton’s discoveries 258 Optics, principle of least action 110 161 Opuscules mathematiques 1366 fn. 1371 Orbium Coelestium, De Revolutionibus (Copernicus) 218 232 728 Order functions, concept 508 Order, abstract concepts of 403 Order, continuity 1587 Order, geometry 1587—1588 Order, heredity, quantum theory 990—995 Order, measurement 1807—1809 Order, theory of 508 Ordinal numbers 66 1584 1587 Ordinate 33 Ore, Oystein 1395 fn. Oresme, Nicole 236 726 728 2332 Organic goodness, theory of 1371 Organism, philosophy of 398 400 Organisms, living, mixed character 2077 Organisms, ontogenesis 691—694 Organisms, phylogenesis 690—694 Oribasius 181 fn. Orientals, astronomy 14 Origin of Species (Darwin) 1171 Origin, crossing of axes 33 Origin, point of 25 Orthogenesis, useless 969 Orthogonals 603—604 Oscillation 2284 Ostwald, Wilhelm 1040 1044 Oversight, dangers of 405 Owen, Richard, quoted 1007 Oxygen, distribution, animals 954 Palatine Anthology 207 Palmer, William 806 Pangenesis, theory of 1042 Panofsky, Erwin, “Duerer as a Mathematician” 601 603—619 Panpsychism 1158 Paper folding 601—602 Pappus, analysis 245 fn. Pappus, Collection 110 207 245 Pappus, curves, defining 34 Pappus, fundamental theories of geometry 165 Pappus, geometry, revival 207 Pappus, involution of six points 112—113 Pappus, isoperimetric figures 188 Pappus, porisms 102 Pappus, surface of revolution 111 Pappus, working backwards, method of 1988 fn. 1989 Papyrus, Moscow 89 169 175 Papyrus, Rhind 11 79 89 169—178 Parabola, conic section 204 fn. Parabola, curve 34 91 Parabola, discovery 93 Parabola, focus to 108 126 Parabola, introduction of term 87 Parabola, path of projectiles 730 734 Parabola, quadrature 760—761 Parabola, spiral 137 Parabolic area, circumscribing parallelogram 105 Parabolic geometry 159 Parabolic motion 49 Paracelsus, zinc 923 Paradise Lost (Milton), quoted 1073 Paradox, arithmetic fallacies 1946—1948 Paradox, defined 1934 Paradox, geometric fallacies 1948—1949 Paradox, logical 1949—1953 Paradox, proving 167—168 Paradox, strange but true 1937—1946 Parallax, pseudospherical space 660 Parallel axiom 102 158 168 546 565 648 649 652—655 657 660 1648—1649 1727 1730 1750 1974 2019 2341 2345 Parallel lines, painting 626 Parallel lines, point at infinity 127 Parallel lines, point in common 628 634 Parallel lines, pseudospherical space 662 Parallel projection 606 613 Parameters of dispersion 1504—1511 Parametric representation 336—337 Pardies, Ignatius 260 Parental character, hybrids 942 Pareto, Alfredo 1200 Parhexagon 2004 Paris, France, Academy of Sciences 129 134 143 Paris, France, Observatory 787 793 Parmenides, quoted 1335 Partial equilibria, theory of 1200 Particles, electrical nature 273 Particles, momentum 1085 Partition, division 24 Partition, theory of 348 515 Pascal, Blaise, algebra 135 Pascal, Blaise, arithmetic triangle 135—136 140 Pascal, Blaise, biography 134 135 Pascal, Blaise, calculating machine 515—516 2066 Pascal, Blaise, Christian Faith, Apologia of the 135 Pascal, Blaise, integral calculus 42 Pascal, Blaise, Leibniz, influence on 143 Pascal, Blaise, Letter Written to a Provincial, A 135 Pascal, Blaise, Nouvelles Experiences sur le vide 134 Pascal, Blaise, Pensees 135 Pascal, Blaise, Pensees, quoted 136 Pascal, Blaise, projective geometry 133 359 629—630 631 640 641 Pascal, Blaise, projective geometry, dual statement of 637 Pascal, Blaise, quoted 2198 Pascal, Blaise, “L’hexagramme mystique” 134 151 Pasch, M. 1745 Past and future, equivalence 686 Past, pattern for the future 1383 1453 Pasteur, Louis, crystals, reproducing 688—689 690 Pattern of relationships, abstract conditions 407 Pattern, number 136 Peacock feathers, coloring 1028 1029 Peacock, George 820 Peano, Giuseppe, axiom system 1623—1626 1894 Peano, Giuseppe, figures generated by moving point 1965—1966 Peano, Giuseppe, geometry, principles 1588 Peano, Giuseppe, Mathematiques, Formulate de 1870 1871—1874 Peano, Giuseppe, postulates 1307 1623 1626—1627 1630 1874—1875 Peano, Giuseppe, primitives, interpretations of 1626—1627 Peano, Giuseppe, symbolic logic 378 388 397 1578—1579 1870 1871—1873 1874 Peano, Giuseppe, vocabulary of arithmetic 390 Pearson, Hesketh 1522 fn. Pearson, Karl, coefficient of variation 1511 Pearson, Karl, correlation, principle 1170 Pearson, Karl, Francis Galton, Life, Letters and Labours of 1167 Pearson, Karl, human stature, inheritance 966 Pearson, Karl, quoted 1485 Peckharn, perspective 605 Pecquet, Jean 786 Peirce, Benjamin 1767 1773 Peirce, Benjamin, Linear Associative Algebra 1696 1168 Peirce, Benjamin, mathematics, definition of 1830 1847 Peirce, Benjamin, quoted 1696 Peirce, Charles Sanders, abstract algebra 76 164 Peirce, Charles Sanders, commentary on 1767—1772 Peirce, Charles Sanders, logical alphabet 1868—1869 Peirce, Charles Sanders, Photometric Researches 1768 Peirce, Charles Sanders, pragmatism 1307 1767 1769 Peirce, Charles Sanders, propositions, logic of 1869—1870 1871 Peirce, Charles Sanders, relations, logic of 1578 fn. 1863 Peirce, Charles Sanders, statistical probability 1396 Peirce, Charles Sanders, truth tables, method of 1923 fn. Peirce, Charles Sanders, variables 1909 fn. Peirce, Charles Sanders, “Essence of Mathematics, The” 1773—1783 Peirce, Charles Sanders, “Probability of Induction, The” 1341—1354 Peirce, Charles Sanders, “Red and the Black, The” 1334—1340 Pelerin, Jean, De artificiali Perspectiva 604 Pemberton, Henry 261 265 269 Pendulum swing, leg 1016 Pendulum, air resistance 977 Pendulum, gravity, effect on 787 798 800 Pendulum, gridiron 807 808 808 Pendulum, isochronism 731 731 Pendulum, movements 977 Pendulum, osculation 800 Pendulum, temperature, effect on 799 Pennies, matching see “Coin tossing” Pennsylvania, first commercial oil well 928 Pensees (Pascal) 135 Pensees (Pascal), quoted 136 Pentad 1568 Pentagon, angles 86 208 2388 2389 Pentagon, Duerer’s construction 615 Pentagon, Euclidean construction 502 Pentagon, Great Pyramid 80 Pentagon, ladder-arithmetic 98 Pentagonal symmetry 712 Pentagondodecahedron, discovery 719—720 Pentagram, badge of Pythagoreans 2324 fn. Pentagram, Dr. Faust’s 697 Pepys, Samuel, quoted 2278 Perfect competition 1282 Perfect information, games 1291 Perfect numbers 101 498 506 Perfect proportion 89 Pericles 91 Periodic law, chemical elements 910 913 Periodic table, chemical elements 841 911 925 926 928 Periodicity, theory of 411—412 416 1375 Perkin, William, discoverer of mauve dye 920 Perm, William, quoted 1248 Permutation, shuffled playing cards 1385 Permutations and combinations 1513 Perrault, Claude, Paris Observatory 787 Perrin, J. 1043 fn. 1044 Perry, Ralph Barton 1770 fn. Persians, numerals 443 Perspectiva, De artificiali (Pelerin) 604 Perspective picture, construction 610—611 Perspective, mechanical means 609—610 Perspective, projective geometry 107 Perspective, scientific theory 603 Perturbations, inverse 820 823—824 Perturbations, motion of Uranus 823 824 827 Petch, T. 1007 fn. Petersburg Paradox 1368 1368 1369 1370 1371 Petty, Sir William 1194 1202 Petty, Sir William, Bills of Mortality 1416 1437 Petty, Sir William, collaboration with Graunt 1417 Pfaff, Johann Friedrich 156 307 316
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