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Ifrah G., Bellos D. — The Universal History of Numbers: From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer
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Íàçâàíèå: The Universal History of Numbers: From Prehistory to the Invention of the ComputerÀâòîðû: Ifrah G., Bellos D. Àííîòàöèÿ: "Georges Ifrah is the man. This book, quite simply, rules. . . . It is outstanding . . . a mind-boggling and enriching experience." –The Guardian (London) "Monumental. . . . a fascinating journey taking us through many different cultures."–The Times (London)"Ifrah’s book amazes and fascinates by the scope of its scholarship. It is nothing less than the history of the human race told through figures." –International Herald Tribune Now in paperback, here is Georges Ifrah’s landmark international bestseller–the first complete, universal study of the invention and evolution of numbers the world over. A riveting history of counting and calculating, from the time of the cave dwellers to the twentieth century, this fascinating volume brings numbers to thrilling life, explaining their development in human terms, the intriguing situations that made them necessary, and the brilliant achievements in human thought that they made possible. It takes us through the numbers story from Europe to China, via ancient Greece and Rome, Mesopotamia, Latin America, India, and the Arabic countries. Exploring the many ways civilizations developed and changed their mathematical systems, Ifrah imparts a unique insight into the nature of human thought–and into how our understanding of numbers and the ways they shape our lives have changed and grown over thousands of years. "Dazzling."–Kirkus Reviews "Sure to transfix readers."–PublishersWeekly
ßçûê: Ðóáðèêà: Ìàòåìàòèêà /Ñòàòóñ ïðåäìåòíîãî óêàçàòåëÿ: Ãîòîâ óêàçàòåëü ñ íîìåðàìè ñòðàíèö ed2k: ed2k stats Ãîä èçäàíèÿ: 2000Êîëè÷åñòâî ñòðàíèö: 656Äîáàâëåíà â êàòàëîã: 17.08.2014Îïåðàöèè: Ïîëîæèòü íà ïîëêó |
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Ïðåäìåòíûé óêàçàòåëü
Nigeria 70 Nilakanthaso-mayajin 414 NILE 259 Nine 35 396 Nine hundred 216—217 Nine, Chinese 269 Nine, Egyptian 177 Nine, Hebrew 215 Nine, Indian 410 Nine, Japanese 276 Nineteen 177 Ninety 215 235 248 295 Ninety-nine 295 Ninety-three 58 Ninevah 101 103 135 146 Ninni, A.P. 197 Ninurta 161 Nippur 81 130 239 Nisawi, Abu'l Hasan 'Ali ibn Ahmad an 363 524 530 539 548 560 562—563 Nisibe 512 Nissen 92 Nizami 526 556 Nommo the Seventh 72 Non-equivalence between sets 3—4 Non-Euclidian geometry 598 Notched bones 11 see Nottnagelus 359 Nougayrot, J. 85 146 Nought see "Zero" Nubians 39 Numa, King 47 number systems see also "Abacus" "Accounting" "Base "Body "Calculation" "Decimal" "Mysticism" "Position rule "Sumerian" "Zero" Number systems, alphabetic numerals 156—157 212—262 483—484 Number systems, Arab-Islamic 511—576 Number systems, Chinese 263—296 Number systems, Cretan 178—180 Number systems, Dictionary 440—510 Number systems, Egyptian 162—177 Number systems, Europe 578—582 586—591 Number systems, Greek 182—187 218—223 232—233 Number systems, Hebrew 214—218 233—236 Number systems, historical classification 347—355 Number systems, Hittite 180—181 Number systems, Indian 367—439 Number systems, Mayan 297—322 Number systems, Mesopotamian 96—108 134—161 Number systems, modern 324—325 343—347 356—367 592—599 Number systems, Roman 187—200 Numerology 93—94 161 360 554 see "Mysticism" Nur ad din 526 Nusayir, Musa Ben 520 Nusku 161 Nuwas, Abu 521 Nuzi, Palace of 100—101 Oaxaca Valley 301 305 Oaxahunticu see "Maya calendars" Obols 182—183 201—203 Oceania 10 12—14 36 44 554 Odyssey 214 Oedipi Aegyptiaci 226 Oezguec 181 Oghlan, Karaja 529 Ojha 386—387 Okinawa 70 Olivier 179 Omayyad dynasty 520 Omri, King 236 One 33 194 392 One hundred and eight 71 One, Aztec 305 One, Chinese 269 One, Greek 179 182 184 186 One, Hebrew 215 One, hieroglyphic 165 168 176 178 181 325 One, Indian 409—410 One, Maya 308 One, Roman numerals 188 192 One, Sumerian 84 148 One-for-one correspondence 10—12 16—17 19 96 191 194 Opera mathematica 91 Ophel, accounting 236 Oppenheim, A.L. 100—101 131 Ora 216 Oral numeration 25—26 265—266 303 Orchomenos 183 Order relation 20 Ordinal numeration 20—22 24 182 193 Ore 276 428 Oriental Research Institute (Baghdad) 100 Origin of species 519 Orissi numerals 370 Oriya numerals 370 381 384 421 438 Orontes 55 Oscan alphabet 212 OSIRIS 169 259 Ostraca 213 236 238 Otman, Khalif 58 Ottoman Empire 527—529 543 Ottoman Empire, secret writing 248—250 Ottoman Empire, Siyaq numerals 547—548 Oudjat 169—170 Ounce 92 Ownership, mark of 66 Oxen 72 Pacific Islands 72 125 Pacioli, Luca 57 567 576 Pairing 6 21 Pakistan 94 386 520 Pakistan, numerals 368 381 534 Pakistan, phalanx-counting 94 Palaeo-Hebraic alphabet 212—213 233 236 238 Palaeography 391 401 404—406 419 538—539 579 Palamedes 219 Palenque 297 316—317 320 Palestine 70 236 239 519 528 Palestine, numerals 228 236—238 241 246 Pali writing 374 377 383 385 Palindromes, numerical 399 Pallava dynasty 378 Pallava dynasty, numerals 397—398 Palmyra 212 227—228 248 533 Palmyrenean numerals 390 Panchasiddhantika 414—416 439 Panchatantra 323 419 520 Panini 388—389 Paniniyam 389 Pantagruel 51 Paper making 516 521 566—567 Papias 207 Pappus Of Alexandria 221—222 523 Papuans 13—14 Papyrus 533 Paraguay 15 Parameshvara 414 Parchment, Maya 301 Pardes Rimonim 253 Paris (of Athens) 51 Paris Codex 301 Paris, B.N. 361—362 Parity, concept of 6 Parmentier, H. 413 418—419 Parrot, Andre 142 Pascal's triangle 282 511 Pascal, Blaise 282 594 598 Pasha, Ziya 529 Pebbles 12 15 96—97 125 Pebbles, counting 126 Peguy, Charles 365 Peignot 381 Peignot script face 588 Peking 272 Peletarius 358 Pellat, C. 55 541—542 Peloponnese 75—76 183 Pemy, P. 51 268 271 Pendulums 42 Pepys, Samuel 578 Perception, limits of 6—10 Perdrizet, P. 256 258—259 Pergamon 256 Persia 70 259 376 512—528 Persia, abacus 556 562—563 Persia, number system 39 58 250—251 545—547 553 Persia, writing 240 248 539 Persian Gulf see "Sumerians" Peru 69—70 308 543 Peruvian Codex 308 Peten, Lake 299—300 Peter, Simon 257 Peterson, F.A. 312—314 317 320 Petitot 46 PETRA 228 Petruck 434 Petrus of Dacia 361 Phaestos 178 Phalanx-counting 94—95 Pheidon, King 75 Philippines 383 Phillipe, Andre 65 Philo of Byzantium 513 518 Philology 419 Philosopher's stone 518—519 Philosophica Fragmenta 203 Phoenicians 359 Phoenicians, alphabet 212—214 219 239 Phoenicians, number system 9 39 137 227—228 351 Phoenicians, writing 185 232 236 390 Phonograms 80 136 265 see Phrygia 238 PI 596—597 Piaget 4—5 Picard 598 Picard, Abbe Jean 42 Pictograms 78—81 85 97—99 107—108 306 see Pieron, H. 365 Pihan, A.P. 268 271 356 381 543—545 547 Pingree, D. 91—92 150 153 157 414—415 Pinyin system 265 Pisa, Leonard of see "Fibonacci" Pizarro 68 Place-value system 324 559—560 588 see rule "Positional Place-value system, abacus 287—288 434—437 561 Place-value system, discovery 287—288 337—339 399—407 416—421 Planudes, Maximus 361 365 562 589 Plates, lead 181 Plato 512—513 517 523 598 Plaut 273—274 Plautus 194 Pliny the Elder 47 198 427 Plotinus 513 523 Plurality 32 Plutarch 47 55 Po Nagar 404—406 420 Poincare, H. 367 Polish 33—35 Polybius 200 Polynesia 6 72 Polynomials 283 Pompeii 256 Popilius Laenas, C. 189 Popol Vuh 301 Porter 75 Portugal 33 35 51 Posener, G. 52 533 Position, rule of 24 143 145—155 334—340 345—346 see Positional systems, Arabic 186 Positional systems, Babylonian 145—154 Positional systems, Chinese 278—283 Positional systems, historical classification 353—355 Positional systems, India 411—421 Positional systems, Mayan 308—312 322 Pott, F.A. 36—37 Powell, M.A. 82 121 Powers, abacus 285 Powers, cubed 363 Powers, exponential 528 594 Powers, negative 156 278 Powers, squared 323—324 363 Powers, ten 278 426—429 440 594 Prah Kuha Luhon 404 Prasat Roman Romas 413 Prayer-beads 11 50—51 99 Pre-Sargonic era 81 87 89 Prescott, W.H. 69 Priests, Mayan 311—312 Primitive societies, barter in 72—73 Primitive societies, counting 5 10 12—18 46 Prinsep, J. 386—387 Prithiviraj 526 Prolegomena 261 363 519 529 542 552—553 593 Prophet, the see "Mohammed" Proto-Elamite number system 326 Psammetichus, King 52 Psammites, The 333 Pseudo-Callisthenes 256 Ptolemy 513 520—525 588 598 Ptolemy I 256 Ptolemy II 232 Ptolemy V 167 Pudentilla, Aemilia 55—56 Puebla region 301 Pulisha Siddhanta 427 Punjab 228 Punjabi numerals 369 381 384 421 438 Putumanasomayajin 414 Puzzles, number 176—177 Pygmies 5 72 Pylos 179 Pythagoras 256 515 596 Pythagoras' theorem 151 522 Qasim, Abu'l 524 Quadrillion 427—428 Quahuacan 36 Quauhnahuac 36 Qubbut al Bukhari 252 Qudama 523 Quetzalcoatl 300 Quinary systems 9 44—46 94—95 Quintana Roo 299 303 Quintilian 47 Quintillion 428 Quipucamayoc 69 308 Quipus 64 68—69 308 542—543 see knotted" Quirigua 298 316—317 319—321 Qutan Xida see "Buddh" Qutayba 513 Qutb ud din 526 Rabban, 'Ali 522 Rabelais 51 Rachet, Guy 81 135 Raimundo of Toledo 362 Rajasthani numerals 381 384 Ramus 358 Ramz 250 Rangacarya, M. 414 418 Rank-ordering 16 Ras Shamra 137 214 Rashed, R. 363 511 519 Rashi 253 Rashid ad din 514 516 527
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