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Ifrah G., Bellos D. — The Universal History of Numbers: From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer
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Íàçâàíèå: The Universal History of Numbers: From Prehistory to the Invention of the ComputerÀâòîðû: Ifrah G., Bellos D. Àííîòàöèÿ: "Georges Ifrah is the man. This book, quite simply, rules. . . . It is outstanding . . . a mind-boggling and enriching experience." –The Guardian (London) "Monumental. . . . a fascinating journey taking us through many different cultures."–The Times (London)"Ifrah’s book amazes and fascinates by the scope of its scholarship. It is nothing less than the history of the human race told through figures." –International Herald Tribune Now in paperback, here is Georges Ifrah’s landmark international bestseller–the first complete, universal study of the invention and evolution of numbers the world over. A riveting history of counting and calculating, from the time of the cave dwellers to the twentieth century, this fascinating volume brings numbers to thrilling life, explaining their development in human terms, the intriguing situations that made them necessary, and the brilliant achievements in human thought that they made possible. It takes us through the numbers story from Europe to China, via ancient Greece and Rome, Mesopotamia, Latin America, India, and the Arabic countries. Exploring the many ways civilizations developed and changed their mathematical systems, Ifrah imparts a unique insight into the nature of human thought–and into how our understanding of numbers and the ways they shape our lives have changed and grown over thousands of years. "Dazzling."–Kirkus Reviews "Sure to transfix readers."–PublishersWeekly
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Ïðåäìåòíûé óêàçàòåëü
Alphabetic numerals, Syriac 240—242 329 Alphabetic numerals, Varnasankhya's 388 Alpharabius 523 Alphonsus VI of Castile 525 Americans, native see also "Maya" Americans, native, counting 10 64 70 72 125 196 Americans, native, number mysticism 93—94 554 Americans, native, use base five 36 Amicable numbers 522 Amiet, P. 80 101—102 Ammonites 212 Amon 164 Amorites 39 135 AMP 43 Anaritius 522 Anatolia 75—76 97—98 see "Ottoman "Turkey" Anbouba 511 Andalusia 525—526 Andalusia and Arabs 512 Andalusia, abacus 556 560 563 Andalusia, numerals 534—539 Andhra numerals 397—398 Andromeda nebula 524 Anglo-French, word for money 72 Anglo-Saxon, number names 33—35 Animals, counting abilities 3—4 Anka (numerals) 368 415—416 Annam 272—273 see Antichrist 260 Anu 93—94 161 Anushirwan, King Khosroes 512 Anuyogadvara Sutra 425 Anwari 58 525 Api language 36 Apices 580—586 Apices of Boethius 579 Apollonius of Perga 221—222 361 513 523 Apostles, New Testament 258 Apuleus 55—56 Aquinas, St Thomas 515 Arab-Islamic civilisation 52 82 157—158 185—187 389 511—576 Arab-Islamic language 135—137 212—213 513 517—518 Arab-Islamic number systems 58 157 228 349 438 543—548 595 Arab-Islamic number systems, alphabetic numerals 241—246 516 552—555 Arab-Islamic number systems, counting 39 47 49 66 70 96 428—429 Arab-Islamic number systems, Indian numerals 368 511—541 Arab-Islamic science 512 514—515 520 see "Muslims" Arabic numerals 25 56 392—396 534—539 592 Arabic numerals in Europe 577—591 Arabic numerals, origins 356—359 385 Arad 213 236 Aramaean Indian writing see "Kharoshthi writing" Aramaeans 134 236 376 Aramaeans number system 39 137 227—231 331 335 351 Aramaic cryptography 248 Aramaic Jews adopt 233 239 Aramaic script 212—213 236 240 376—377 387 390 Aranda people 5 72 Arawak, base five in 36 Archaic numerals 85 87—90 92—93 Archaic numerals, accounting tablets 107 121 Archaic numerals, bullae 104 Archaic numerals, calculi 125 Archaic numerals, Sumerian 77—79 83—84 92—93 99—100 107 117 Archimedes 207 222 361 518 522—524 594 598 Archimedes, Arabic translation 513 588 Archimedes, high numbers 333 Ardha-Magadhi 383 Are (unit of measurement) 42 Argos 219 Aristarch of Samos 221 Aristophanes 47 Aristotle 20 512—515 517 588 598 Arithmetic 5 10 96 206 528 arithmetic during Renaissance 577—578 arithmetic early 76 96—97 arithmetic systems 185 220—222 248 442 Arithmetic, Lady 205 591 Arithmetical Introduction 43 Arjabhad 427 Arjuna 423—424 Arkoun, M. 514 519 Armenia 139 290 519 528 Armenia, alphabet 212 Armenia, numerals 33—35 224—225 329 Arnaldez, R. 512 514—519 Arnold, Edwin 421 538 Artaxerxes, King 55 Aryabhata 388 419—420 427 432 447—451 530 Aryans 385—386 As (Roman unit) 92 210—211 Asankhyeya 451 Asarhaddon, King 146 Ashtadhyayi 389 Asia 81 402—407 512 see "India" Asia Minor 76 81 180 219 524 Asia, counting 36 48—49 Asia, number systems 94 412—413 Asianics 134 Asoka, Emperor 375—377 379 386—387 420 433 435 Asoka, Emperor, edicts 390—391 397 Assemblee constituante 42 Assurbanipal, library of 160 Assyrian Empire 134—135 180 Assyrian Empire, counting 39 99 Assyrian Empire, language 135 Assyrian Empire, number systems 92 139 141 231 Assyro-Babylonian civilisation 135 140 Assyro-Babylonian number system 9 137 141—142 331—332 351 Astrology 159 549 553 556 Astrology, "Greek" 420 Astrology, Indian 417 463 Astrology, Indian and Koran 514 Astronomie Indienne 443 Astronomy 92 522 524 529 551 see Astronomy, Arabic 243 530 548—549 Astronomy, Babylonian 153 156—158 407 Astronomy, Chinese 277—278 Astronomy, Greek 156—157 408 549 Astronomy, Ikhanian Tables 527 Astronomy, Indian 409—411 416—417 431—432 443 463—464 513—514 Astronomy, Mayan 297—298 308—313 315—316 321—322 Astronomy, sexagesimal system 91—92 95 140 157—158 548—549 Astronomy, tables 146 157—159 198 521 Astronomy, trigonometrical 420 At Tabari, 'Ali Rabban 519 at Tusi, Nasir ad din 513 527 562 571—573 Athens 182—183 219 233 Attica 183 219 Atton, Bishop of Vich 578 Auboyer, J. 389 Augustine 257 Aureus (Roman money) 210 Aurillac, Gerbert of 362 518 578—579 581—586 Australia 5—6 18 72 93—94 Austria 66 Autolycus 522 Avempace 526 Avenzoar 526 Averroes 514—515 519 526 Avestan 32—35 Avicebron 514 Avicenna 363 513—515 517 519 525 527 542 Avicenna, "Avicenna" Arabic alphabet 539 Avigad 234 Awan 81 Axayacatl 301 Aymard, A. 389 Aymonier, E. 403 Azerbaidjan 519 528 Aztecs 301—303 315—316 Aztecs, monetary system 72—73 302—303 306 Aztecs, number system 36 44 47 305—308 326 348—349 Aztecs, writing 302—303 305—307 Aztlan 301 Babel, tower of 159 Babur 528 Babylonian civilisation 81 134—161 180—181 Babylonian civilisation, arithmetic 40 99 139 154—156 Babylonian civilisation, cryptograms 158—160 Babylonian civilisation, number system 92—93 139—154 231 337—342 345 353—354 407—408 Babylonian civilisation, writing 134 138 153 158 Bachelard, Gaston 443 Baghdad 527—528 Baghdad, House of Wisdom 512—514 516 520—523 525—528 530—531 Bahrain 49 Bakers, counting methods 65—66 70 Baki 528 Bakr, Abu, caliph 519 522 Bakr, Muhammad ibn Abi 527 Balance sheet 109—111 Balbodh writing 380 Bali 405—407 421 Bali, numerals 375 383—385 Balkans 528 Balmes, R. 21 Baltic 33 Bamouns, decimal counting 39 Banda 36 44 Banka Island 404 Banzai 275 Baoule 39 Baqli, Ruzbehan 526 Barayta 254 Barguet, P. 176 Barmak 513 Barnabus 257 Barter 72—75 Barton, G. 88 Baru Musa ibn Shakir brothers 518 522 Base numbers 23—46 96 see "Decimal" "Duodecimal" "Sexagesimal Base numbers, 'm' 355 Base numbers, auxilliary 426—429 Base numbers, eleven 41 Base numbers, five 36 44—46 62 192—193 Base numbers, six 142 Basil I 522 Basilides the Gnostic 259 Baskerville face numerals 588 Basques 38—39 Basra 519 Bastulus 523 Batak numerals 383 385 Bath see "Adelard" Bavaria 585 Bayer 359 Bayley, E.C. 61 386—387 Beast, number of 260—261 Beauclair, W. 577 Beaujouan, G. 356 578 Bebi-Hassan 52 Becker, O. 91 519 Bede, Venerable 49—50 52—56 200 223 578 Beg, Tughril 525 Behar 251 Bek, Ulugh 528 Belgium 31 65 Belhari 401 Belize 299 Bengal 49 390 526 Bengali numerals 370 381 384 421 438 Beni Hassan 51—52 Benin, Yedo 305 Bequignon sisters 26 Berbers 39 512 Bereshit Rabbati 253 Bergamo, Gnosticism 260 Bernelinus 580 Beschreibung von Arabien 48 Bessarabia 528 Bete 36 Bettini, Mario 356 Bhadravarman, King 407 Bhagavad Gita 422 Bhaskara 419 452 530 Bhaskara, Aryabhatiya, Commentary on 414—415 420 439 Bhaskaracharya (Bhaskara II) 414 418 431 452 562 Bhaskaracharya (Bhaskara II), multiplication method 573—574 Bhattiprolu writing 377 383 385 Bhoja 414 Bible, New Testament 257 Bible, New Testament, Gospels 243 257 Bible, New Testament, Matthew 257 Bible, New Testament, Revelation (Apocalypse) 256—257 260 Bible, Old Testament 134 253—254 see Bible, Old Testament, Daniel 137 Bible, Old Testament, Deuteronomy 254 Bible, Old Testament, Esther, Book of 137 Bible, Old Testament, Exodus 73 Bible, Old Testament, Ezekial 239 Bible, Old Testament, Ezra 137 Bible, Old Testament, Genesis 134 253—254 Bible, Old Testament, Leviticus 254 Bible, Old Testament, Nehemiah 137 Bible, Old Testament, Pentateuch 137 Bible, Old Testament, Prophets, Books of the 137 Bible, Old Testament, Psalms 213 217 Bible, Old Testament, Samuel 73 Bible, Old Testament, Zechariah 137 Bihar 526 Bijection 10 Billard, R. 406—407 414—418 431—432 443 529 billion 427—428 Binary principle 6 9 89 139 166 Binary system 40—41 59 592 Binomial formula 528 Biot, E. 282 336 Birman numerals 438 Birot, M. 134 138 Birth-date 313 Bisaya writing 383 385 Bistami 522 Biunivocal correspondence 10 Black Stone, The 146 Black-letter Hebrew (modern) 212—213 215 233 BlackBoard 566—567 Bloch, O. 365 427 Bloch, R. 190 Boards, checkerboard 283—288 see "Tally Boards, columnless 560—563 Boards, dust 555—563 Boards, wax 207—209 563 Boards, wooden 64 535—536 Bodhisattva see "Buddha" Body counting systems 5 12—19 23 214 see Body counting systems and base 44—46 Boecius 580 Boethius 48 578—579 Bokhara 513 522 Bolivia 69—70 543 Boncompagni, B. 207 362 365 533 Bones 62—63 269 see Bons, E. 518—519 Book of Animals 521 Book of Kings 525 Boole, George 598 Boorstin, D.J. 91 Borchardt 55 Borda 42—43 Borneo 375 383
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