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Barrow J.D., Tipler F.J. — Anthropic Cosmological Principle
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Íàçâàíèå: Anthropic Cosmological PrincipleÀâòîðû: Barrow J.D., Tipler F.J. Àííîòàöèÿ: Ever since Copernicus, scientists have continually adjusted their view of human nature, moving it further and further from its ancient position at the center of Creation. But in recent years, a startling new concept has evolved that places it more firmly than ever in a special position. Known as the Anthropic Cosmological Principle, this collection of ideas holds that the existence of intelligent observers determines the fundamental structure of the Universe. In its most radical version, the Anthropic Principle asserts that "intelligent information-processing must come into existence in the Universe, and once it comes into existence, it will never die out."
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32 see Absolute idealism, telelogical ideas in 153—159 Action Principles 6 66 Action Principles, and telelogical ideas 148—153 Action Principles, Euler's approach 149 150 Action Principles, in Einstein's gravitational theory 490 Action Principles, opposition to 150—151 Action Principles, predictions based on 124—125 148—153 Adams, Douglas, quoted 490 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 553—555 561 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), molecular structure of 554 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), reactions catalysed by 554 Adiabatic irregularities 388—389 393 Aerobic respiration, development necessary as crucial step in Man's evolution 562 Age of Universe, expressed in terms of density parameter 376 377 626 Agucchi, Giovanni, argument against Copernican system 496 Al-Biruni 95 Albertus Magnus, quoted 576 Albrecht-Steinhardt 'new inflationary universe' model 431 Alexander, evolving-deity concept 190—191 Alexander, Samuel 190 Alpha-particle wave function 485 486 Alternative forms of life 511 Amino acids 549 Ammonia 550 Ammonia, anomalous physical properties of 524 525 Ammonia, as alternative solvent to water 541 550—552 Ammonia, density of solid form 552 Ammonia, physical properties of 534 535 536 537 550—551 Ammonium ions 550 Anaxagoras of Clazomenae 32—33 Anaxagoras of Clazomenae, Aristotle's criticism of 33 Anaxagoras of Clazomenae, Socrates' criticism of 33—34 Ancient world, design arguments in 31—46 Anisotropy model entropy per baryon explained by 402 Anonymous poet, quoted, on hydrogen and oxygen 541 Anselm, St. 106 Anthropic Principle, Brandon Carter's definition 1 Anthropic Principle, definitions 1 510 Anthropic Principle, rediscovery of 219—276 Anthropic, definition of 159 Anthropic, definition of first use of word by Tennant 181 Antimatter, cosmic sources of 379—380 Aquatic life see “Marine” Aquinas see “Thomas Aquinas” Arabic philosophy 46 Arabic philosophy, Aristotelian ideas in 45 Archimedes, enumeration of particles in Universe 220 Aristotle 37—40 Aristotle, Causes argument 38—39 Aristotle, criticism of Anaxagoras 33 Aristotle, criticism of Empedocles 34 Aristotle, definition of soul by 659 680n Aristotle, final cause concept 9 28 38—39 Aristotle, quoted 38 39 40 Aristotle, quoted on definition of life 511 Arouet, Francois-Marie see “Voltaire” Artificial telelogy 134 Asteroids, infrared radiation from 597 Asteroids, likely place for ETI probe 597 61 Asteroids, size-mass relationship 290 Astronomical unit, calculation of 337 Astronomical unit, value quoted 221 Astrophysics, Weak Anthropic Principle applied 290—291 305—318 327—360 Asymptotically free interactions 408 Atmospheres, composition for various planets 544 see Atomic binding energies 297 533 Atomic bond energies, carbon compared to silicon 546 Atomic bond energies, values quoted 301 526 Atomic bonding, possible on neutron stars 346 Atomic bonding, types of 300—301 526 see also “Covalent” “Hydrogen” “Ionic” “Metallic” “Van der Waals bonding” Atomic radius, all of same-order size 298 Atomic radius, formulae for 296—297 Atomic year 298 Atomism 36—37 41 Atomism, revival of 112n Atoms, energy of 296 Atoms, formation at beginning of Universe 372 Atoms, formation at beginning of Universe, relativistic effect in 295—297 575n Atoms, structure of 297 Atoms, Weak Anthropic Principle applied to 295—299 Automobiles, as living organisms 521—522 Autonomous morphogenesis, as property of life 519 520 Autotropic photosynthesis, development necessary as crucial step in Man's evolution 562—563 Averroes of Cordova 46—47 Axelrod, Robert 100 102 Axions 390 393 395 Ayala, F.J., reductionism classification 138 Ayala, F.J., telelogical nomenclature 134 Background radiation temperature, as limit for computer operation 661—662 see also “Microwave background radiation” Background radiation temperature, directional dependence of 630—631 Bacon, Francis 51—52 Bacon, Francis, first use of word 'consciousness' 507n Bacon, Francis, quoted 49 52 Bacon, Roger 48 Baer, K. E. von 82 Baimer law (for hydrogen spectrum) 222 Ball-in-box paradox 466—467 Balls, variation of circumference and volume with dimension 270 271 Barnes, Ernest W., Anthropic Principle reasoning 126 184 Barnes, Ernest W., on Heat Death 168 Barnes, Ernest W., on mankind 184 Baryon asymmetry of Universe 359 402—403 Baryon number 357 Baryon number, generation 404—408 Baryon number, non-conservation of 357 403—404 Baryon-to-photon ratio 381 Bauer, E., quoted, on introspection 468—469 Bauer, E., simplified discussion of von Neumann theory of measurement 465 Bayesian theorem, WAP as application of 17 Beck, G., spoof on Eddington's methodology 227—228 Becker, Carl, quoted 295 Beginning of universe 442 Beginning of universe, events before 442 636 Bending stresses, stability to 312—323 Bentley, R. 61 Bergson, Henri, evolutionary telelogy 189—190 Bergson, Henri, on global time 216n Bergson, Henri, on Heat Death 190 Berkeley, Bishop George 22 125 155—156 Berkeley, definition of soul by 68In Bernadin de Saint-Pierre 92 119 Bernal, J. D., definition of life by 521 Bernal, J. D., quoted, on end of Universe 618—629 Beryllium-8, autocatalytic role in helium burning reaction 252 Bethe, H., spoof on Eddington's methodology 227—228 Bianchi classification 423 454n Bianchi type IX cosmologies 666 Bianchi type IX universes 423 425 639—640 Bianchi type IX universes, as models of past universes 640 Bianchi type IX universes, forced into having omega point by intelligent life 673 Bianchi type VII universes 423 424—425 426 Bierce, A., quoted, on water/ocean 524 Big Bang cosmological model 372—383 Big Bang cosmological model, and size of Universe 2—3 Big Bang cosmological model, confirmed by microwave background radiation 368 380 Binary collisions theory, E. W. Barnes' comment on 184 Binding energies, planets/stars 645 Biochemistry, Anthropic Principle applied to 510—576 Biological exclusion principle 596 Biology, status of teleology in 124 127—143 Biosphere, life as activity of 521 Biosphere, limit to lifetime of 566 578 Biosphere, marginal stability of 543—544 567 569 Biosphere, prediction of future age 566 Birds, limitation on size 314—325 Black body, microwave background radiation spectrum compared with 380 Black dwarfs, cooling of 648 Black dwarfs, planet collisions with 645 Black hole thermodynamics 223—224 Black holes 347—353 Black holes, as black bodies 224 352 445 Black holes, as final states after evaporation and gravitational radiation 643 Black holes, as information storage devices 669 Black holes, as unobservable phenomena 396 Black holes, evaporation of 353 650 674 Black holes, formation of 342 347 Black holes, general relativity description 352 Black holes, stabilized by matter-dumping 674 Black holes, supermassive growth process 349 Blood circulation, discovery by William Harvey 52—53 Blueshift, definition of 377 Bode, Johann, quotation of Titius law 221 Boethius 45 Bohr, Niels, on role of observer in quantum mechanics 459 Bohr, Niels, quantized atomic model 222 223 305 Bohr, Niels, reaction to EPR experiment 463 Boiling oceans, effect of time-varying gravitation 239—240 Boiling points, of various hydrides 524 Boltzmann, Ludwig, H-Theorem 174 175 176 Boltzmann, Ludwig, on direction of time 173—174 Boltzmann, Ludwig, quoted 195 Bondi-Gold-Hoyle (steady-state) cosmological model 601 616 bonds see “Atomic” “Covalent” “Hydrogen” “Ionic” “Metallic” “Van Bonnet, Charles 68 221 Books, information content of 137 Borel, P., quoted 576 Born, Max, spoof on Eddington's methodology 228 Boshongo creation myth 94 boundary conditions 444—449 Boundary conditions, evolution equations 409 Boundary conditions, removal of 448—449 Boundary conditions, Strong Anthropic, in quantum cosmology 503—505 Boundary conditions, Weak Anthropic, in quantum cosmology 497—503 Boyle, astronomical examples not favoured by 56 Boyle, conversation with William Harvey 53 Boyle, lectures series bequeathed by 58 61 Boyle, quoted 55 56 57 Boyle, Robert 55—58 Brain see “Human brain” Branch universes 493 494 Branches of Universe, split by measurement 494 500—501 Brans-Dicke gravitation theory 245 Bread, information content of piece 198 Bremsstrahlung 299 389 Bremsstrahlung (free-free emission), cross-section for 299 Bridgewater Treatises 82 117n 144 524 Briicke, E. von, quoted 123 Brill-Flaherty theorem 627 Brillouin, L., equation for energy to obtain information 179—180 Brillouin, L., information-processing inequality 661 662 Brinkley, J. 79 116n Bubble-universe models 192—193 436 441 605—607 616—627 Bubble-universe models, and Final Anthropic Principle 607 Bubble-universe models, closed-universe 605 607 Bubble-universe models, open-universe 605—607 Bubble-universe models, Penrose conformal diagram for 606 Bubble-universe models, Strong Anthropic Principle arguments against 607 Buddhist cosmology, large numbers in 276n Buffon, G., estimate of Earth's age 117n 159—160 Buffon, G., on Final Causes 68 114n Building blocks of life, synthesis of 3 Building blocks of life, time required for synthesis 18 bulk modulus 303 Burt, C. L., meaning of word 'consciousness' 507n Burtt, E. A., paraphrasing Isaac Newton 621 Bush, Ian D., quoted 327 Butterfield, Herbert, on Whig interpretation of history 10 135 Caesium hyperfine transitions, as time standard 242 Cairns-Smith, A. G., mineral ecology concept 522 Capek, Milic 216n Carbon compounds, metastability of 546—547 Carbon dioxide 545 Carbon dioxide, anthropic significance of 548 Carbon dioxide, in temperature regulation 548 Carbon dioxide, reversible hydration of 548 Carbon dioxide, unique solubility property of 548 Carbon, anthropic significance of 545—548 Carbon, relative abundance 542 Carbon-12, formation from He-4 252 Carbon-12, resonance level predicted by Hoyle 252 Carbon-based life, as only possibility 3 570 Carbon-based life, dependent on unique properties of certain elements 510 Carbon-based life, fine-tuned coincidences 253 Carbon-based polymers 547—548 Carbon-based polymers, spontaneous formation of 541 Carbonic acid 544 548 Carlyle, Thomas, quoted 384 Carr-Rees coincidence 400 Carroll, Lewis, quoted 288 Carter's inequality 511 Carter, Brandon, Anthropic Principle limitation to Copernician principle 1 Carter, Brandon, on gravitational constant 336 Carter, Brandon, rejection of prediction of future age of biosphere 566 Carter, Brandon, Strong Anthropic Principle introduced by 21—22 248 Carter, Brandon, Weak Anthropic Principle formula 557 559—560 Carter, Brandon, Weak Anthropic Principle formula, crucial steps for evolution of Man 562—564 Carter, Brandon, Weak Anthropic Principle formula, evolutionary criteria 561—562 Carter, Brandon, Weak Anthropic Principle formula, starting point for derivation 557 Cauchy horizon 674 Cauchy hypersurface topology 622 Cell membrane formation processes 540 Cell self-reproduction 513 Centriole/kinetosome/undulipodia complex, formation necessary as crucial step in Man's evolution 564 Chamberlain, Thomas C, solar system formation theory 125—126 165 Chandrasekhar, S., reaction to Dirac's Large Numbers Hypothesis 234 Chaos, and determinism 90—91 118—129 Chaotic cosmology 178 Chaotic cosmology programme (of Charles Misner) 420 422 Chaotic cosmology, gravitational entropy as antithesis of 446 Chaotic gauge theories 8 255 256 Chaotic inflationary-universe model 436—437 Chemical binding energy fraction 301 Chemistry, Weak Anthropic Principle applied 295—302 Chesterton, G. K., quoted 1 Chinese philosophy, spontaneous order concept in 96—97 Chinese philosophy, telelogical concepts in 95—96 98—99 Chlorophyll 555—556 561 Chlorophyll, absorption spectra of 556 Chordates, development necessary as crucial step in Man's evolution 564 Christie, Agatha, quoted 288 Chronology, ancient world 46 Chronology, Medieval ages 54 Chronology, modern age 204 Chronology, Renaissance 54 Chronometric cosmology 604—605 Chu Hsi 96 Churchill, Winston S., quoted 153 Cicero (Marcus Cicero) 43—44 Ciliate protozoa, reason for size 314 Civilization, growth in future 173 Clarke, Samuel, correspondence with Leibniz 62—63 Classical epoch, definition of 641 Classical timescales, future evolution of matter in 641—647 Clauser, John, quoted, on physical reality 463 Clock/watch analogy, as example of artificial telelogy 134 Clock/watch analogy, Boyle's use of 58 Clock/watch analogy, Cicero's use of 44 Clock/watch analogy, Paley's use of 77 Close stellar encounters 642 Closed Friedman universe 376 376 Closed Friedman universe, density inhomogeneities growth rate 415—426 Closed Friedman universe, Many-Worlds approach 490—496 Closed Friedman universe, Penrose diagram for 634 Closed universes, Cauchy hypersurface topology of 622 Closed universes, criterion for evolution of life 376 410 Closed universes, energy sources in far future 665—666 Closed universes, energy-conservation law 618 Closed universes, existence of life in 637 675 676 Closed universes, infinitely cycling model 192 193
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