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| Àâòîðèçàöèÿ |
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| Ïîèñê ïî óêàçàòåëÿì |
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| Bell S. — Forensic Chemistry |
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| Ïðåäìåòíûé óêàçàòåëü |
Polysaccharides, biopolymers based on 532—547 (see also “Biopolymers”)
Polysaccharides, linkages in 536f
Polyurethane resins 501 501f
Population standard deviation(s), calculation of 22
Positive control 70
Postmortem toxicology 240 241t
Powders, as drug evidence 225
Precedent, in chemistry and law 3—4
Precision, definition of 65
Precursors, as drug evidence 226
Predator drugs 221
Pressure-volume (PV) work, examples of 389—391 390f 391f
Presumptive color tests 267 270—293
Presumptive color tests for marijuana 270 287—288 287f 288f 304—305
Presumptive color tests, dyes and dye formation in 278—279
Presumptive color tests, Ehrlich’s test as 285 285f
Presumptive color tests, Liebermann test as 285—286 286f
Presumptive color tests, Marquis test as 281 282—284f 284
Presumptive color tests, molecular orbital transitions in 272—278
Presumptive color tests, overview of 270—271
Presumptive color tests, Simon test as 286—287 287f
Presumptive color tests, transition metal complexes in 288—291 289f 290f
Presumptive tests, in forensic analysis 7
Primers 417
Primers, lead-free, in gunshot residue analysis 445 447t
Primers, rimfire and centerfire, difference between 426f
Principal component analysis (PCA) 53—57
Principal component analysis (PCA) of paper 570
Principal focus 137—138 137f
Printing, computer 493—4197 (see also “Computer printing”)
Printing, intaglio 497
Printing, mechanical 497
Printing, thermal transfer 495—497 496f
Probability sampling 34—39
Probability, statistics and 35b
Procaine as cocaine diluent 342
Procaine as heroin diluent/adulterant 335
Procaine, structure of 340t
Profession, definition of 10—11
Profiling of drug sample 229—239
Profiling of drug sample, coextracted compounds in 234
Profiling of drug sample, impurities in 234—236 236—237b 238t
Profiling of drug sample, overview of 231
Profiling of drug sample, stable isotope ratios in 231—234 233t 234f
Progressive-burning powder 429
Propagation, of uncertainty 17
Propellants 423—430 423f 424f 425f 426f 428f 429f 429t
Propellants in combustion continuum 384
Protocols, analytical, in method validation 68
Provenance determinations 342
Prozac see “Fluoxetine (Prozac”)
Pseudoallococaine, structure of 339t
Pseudococaine, structure of 339t
Pseudocrystalline materials, polarized light and 145 147f
Pseudocrystalline polymers 529 532f
Pseudoephedrine 371—372 372f
Pseudoephedrine, structure of 358t
Psilocybin 346 346t 349
Psilocybin, analytical approach to 353—354
Psilocybin, mushrooms of 350f
Psilocybin, structure of 219t 348t
Psilocyn 346 346t 349
Psilocyn, analytical approach to 353—354
Psilocyn, mushrooms of 350f
Psilocyn, structure of 348t
Psychological dependence 223
PT (purge-and-trap) methods, of partitioning 107
Pulping, in paper production 545 545f
Purge-and-trap (PT) methods, of partitioning 107
Purple, as royal color 477b
Pyranose 532 534f
Pyridine, characteristics of 100t
Pyrolysis 400—401 401f
Pyrolysis gas chromatography (Py-GC) in fiber analysis 588 590 590f
Pyrolysis gas chromatography (Py-GC) in forensic analysis of resins 515 517f
Pyrolysis in forensic analysis of inks and paints 518—519
Q test 29 30
QA/QC see “Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC)”
Quadrupole mass spectrometer 199—200 200f
Qualitative presumptive tests, in forensic analysis 7
Quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QA/QC) in forensic chemistry 13—14 60—74
Quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QA/QC), analytical errors in 72—74 73f
Quality assurance (QA), definition of 46
Quality assurance (QA), need for, in forensic science/chemistry 61
Quality assurance (QA), samples for 70—72
Quality control (QC) in forensic chemistry 13—14
Quality control (QC), calibration and 74—81
Quality control (QC), definition of 46
Quality control (QC), procedures for 69—72
Quality management, definition of 61
Quantitation, limit of 48
Quantitation, sampling and 39—41
Quinacridones, colors and examples 482t
R, S naming conventions, for basic drugs 323—324 324f
Radiationless transitions 153 153f
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) 124
Raman microspectrophotometry 184—185
Raman spectroscopy 169—171 170f 171f 172—173b
Raman spectroscopy and principal component analysis in narcotic classification 55—57
Raman spectroscopy in fiber analysis 605 606f
Raman spectroscopy in forensic analysis of inks and paints 515
Raman spectroscopy of cocaine for mixtures with diluents 344—345b
Random error, definition of 66—67
Random errors 19 72—73 73f
Rayleigh scattering, in Raman spectroscopy 170—171 171f
Rayon 528—529 529f 543
Rayon fibers, description of 576t
RDX, structure and detonation speed of 416t
Reagents, in thin-layer chromatography 117—118
Real image 139 139f
Red, ruby, explanation of 476b
Red-phosphorus “cook” method, of methamphetamine synthesis 364f 365
Red-phosphorus “cook” method, of methamphetamine synthesis, cold-cook 365 368f
Red-phosphorus “cook” method, of methamphetamine synthesis, phosphine gas fatalities from 369b
Red-phosphorus “cook” method, of methamphetamine synthesis, refluxed 365 366 367f 368f
Reductive amination, in methamphetamine synthesis 361
Reflectance, diffuse, in spectrophotometry 165—166 166f
Reflectance, specular 152
Refluxing, in heroin production 334
Refractive index (RI) 135 136—137b 136f
Refractive index (RI) in fiber analysis 583 584f
Refrigerators, monitoring of, control charts in 74
Regression lines 48
Regression lines in instrument calibration 75
Regression, linear 48—49
Relative affinity 96
Relative standard deviation, percent (%RSD), definition of 24—26
Relative uncertainty 16—17
Reliability, of data 46
Replicate analyses 19 20f
Replicate measurement, in statistics 17 19
Replicates 71 71f
Representative sample 33
Resins, in paints/coatings 501—502
Resolving power, of lens 144
Retardation 584
Retardation distance 147
Retardation factor, in thin-layer chromatography 119 120f
Retention factor, in thin-layer chromatography 119 120f
Reversed-phase solid-phase extraction 111
RGB color system 473—474 474f
RI (refractive index) 135 136—137b 136f
RIA (radioimmunoassay) 124
Rich mixture 393
Ring-opening polymers 548 548f 554f
Roach 301f
Rounding 14—16
Rubber fibers, description of 577t
Rubber, vulcanization of 530b
Ruby, redness of 476b
| Salicylates, analysis of 314 315f
Salicylates, structure of 268f
Salicylic acid, structure of 315f
Saltpeter in gunpowder 427
Saltpeter, history of 386b
Sample mean, definition of 19—20
Sample size 39—41
Sample standard deviation(s) 22—23
Sample(s), blank 70
Sample(s), calibration-check 75 78f
Sample(s), homogeneous 33—34
Sample(s), preparation of 85—89
Sample(s), preparation of, partitioning in 85—86 (see also “Partitioning”)
Sample(s), quality assurance 70—72
Sample(s), representative 33
Sampling, Bayesian approach to 41—412
Sampling, probability 34—39
Sampling, quantitation and 39—41
SAR (surface absorption-reflection) 153
Saran fibers, description of 576—577t
Saturation, of color, definition of 469
SBSE (solid phase stir-bar) 115
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 133
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in forensic analysis of inks and paints 520
Scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) techniques, in gunshot residue analysis 447 447f
Scattering, in pigment 477
Scatterplots, in exploratory data analysis 52 52f
Science, origins of 2b
Scientific method 3 4f
Screening tests in forensic analysis 7
Screening tests, field, in forensic analysis of explosives 452—455 453b 454f
Screening, in drug analysis 295
Secobarbital, structure of 314f
Seed fiber 541
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), analysis of 376—379 378t
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), structure of 269f 321f
SEM (scanning electron microscopy) 133
SEM (scanning electron microscopy) in forensic analysis of inks and paints 520
SEM-EDX techniques see “Scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) techniques”
Separations, analytical, history of 92b
Serotonin, structure of 219t 323t
Shade, of color, definition of 469
Significant figures 14—17
Silica gel, in thin-layer chromatography 116
Silica, characteristics of 110t
Simon test 286—287 287f
Simon-Awe complex 287
Single-base smokeless powder 427
Single-linkage clustering 58 59f
Slab-gel electrophoresis 187 187f
Snell’s law 135
Society of Forensic Toxicologists (SOFT) 11
Sodium nitroprusside test 286
Sodium rhodizonate test, in gunshot residue analysis 443 445 445f
SOFT (Society of Forensic Toxicologists) 11
Solid phase stir-bar extraction (SBSE) 115
Solid phase, partitioning with 107—115
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) 109—114
Solid-phase extraction (SPE), advantages of 111
Solid-phase extraction (SPE), media for 110t
Solid-phase extraction (SPE), normal-phase 111
Solid-phase extraction (SPE), reversed phase 111
Solid-phase extraction (SPE), solvent strengths relevant to 111t
Solid-phase extraction (SPE), steps in 111
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) 113f 114—115
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in fire debris analysis 437 438f
Solubility equilibrium constant 91—92
Solubility in distinguishing dyes from pigments 475—477 475f
Solubility testing, in fiber analysis 588
Solubility tests for solvents 514t
Solubility tests in forensic analysis of inks and paints 512—513
Solubility, water, partitioning and 101—102
Solution casting, in synthetic polymer fabrication 561f 562
Solvent extraction 99—101
Solvent extraction in fire debris analysis 437—438
Solvent systems, for thin-layer chromatography 116
Solvent(s) in ink formulations 488—489
Solvent(s) in paints/coatings 498 499—500 500f
Solvent(s) in paints/coatings, evaporation of, in film formation 499f 501
Solvent(s) in profiling 234—236 236—237b 238t
Solvent(s), selected, characteristics of 100t
Solvent(s), solubility testing of 514t
Solvent(s), strengths of, relevant to SPE 111t
SOPs (standard operating procedures), for calibrations 74
Spandex fibers, description of 577t
Sparkling pigments 480—481
Spe see “Solid-phase extraction (SPE)”
Spectral bandwidth 159 159f 160f
Spectrometer(s), energy sources for 156
Spectrometer(s), spectral bandwidth and 159 159f 160f
Spectrometry, atomic absorption 173—178
Spectrometry, ion mobility 186—187 191—192 193f
Spectrometry, ion mobility in field detection of explosives 452 453b 454f
Spectrometry, mass, in forensic analysis 7
Spectroscopy 149—181
Spectroscopy in fiber analysis 590—605
Spectroscopy in forensic analysis of inks and paints 513—517
Spectroscopy, absorbance and 154 155f
Spectroscopy, atomic emission 178—179
Spectroscopy, basics of 151—154
Spectroscopy, definition of 149
Spectroscopy, electronic, definition of 150
Spectroscopy, history of 151b
Spectroscopy, infrared 161—169 (see also “Infrared (IR) spectroscopy”)
Spectroscopy, instrument design for 154 156—157 156f 157f
Spectroscopy, molecular, definition of 150
Spectroscopy, Raman 169—171 170f 171f 172—173b
Spectroscopy, Raman and principal component analysis in narcotic classification 55—57
Spectroscopy, UV/VIS 160—161 161f
Spectrum(a), mobility 192 193f
Specular reflectance 152
Spikes 72
Spinning, in synthetic polymer fiber fabrication 562 562f 563f
SPME (solid-phase microextraction) 113f 114—115
SPME (solid-phase microextraction) in fire debris analysis 437 438f
Spontaneous combustion, human 440—441b
Spot plate 271
Spot testing 270 (see also “Presumptive color tests”)
Springall Roberts rules, for determining gaseous products of explosives 420 420b
Sputtering, in hollow cathode lamp 176 176f
SRMs (standard reference materials) 63—65
SSRIs see “Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)”
Stable isotope ratios, in profiling 231—234 233t 234f 235b
Standard addition, in instrument calibration 80—81 81f
Standard deviation(s), definition of 22—24
Standard deviation(s), percent relative (%RSD), definition of 24—26
Standard deviation(s), population, calculation of 22
Standard deviation(s), sample 22—23
Standard observer curves 463—464 464f
Standard operating procedures (SOPs), for calibrations 74
Standard reference materials (SRMs) 63—65
Standard(s) for forensic science 61—62t 61—63
Standard(s), external, in instrument calibration 76—77
Standard(s), internal, in instrument calibration 77—80 79f 80f
Stanozolol, structure of 312t
Starches 534 538f
Stationary phase, in solid-phase partitioning 108—109
Statistical analysis, in exploratory data analysis 52 53t
Statistical tests 27—31
Statistical tests in hypothesis testing 27
Statistical tests, Dixon test as 29 30
Statistical tests, Grubbs test as 29—31
Statistical tests, Q test as 29 30
Statistical tests, significance test as 27 29
Statistics for forensic and analytical chemistry 17—42
Statistics for forensic and analytical chemistry, data set comparisons in 31—33
Statistics for forensic and analytical chemistry, error types in 33
Statistics for forensic and analytical chemistry, outliers in 27—31
Statistics for forensic and analytical chemistry, sampling 33—41
Statistics for forensic and analytical chemistry, statistical tests in 27—31 (see also “Statistical tests”)
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