Vogel S. — Vital Circuits: On Pumps, Pipes, and the Working of Circulatory Systems
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Íàçâàíèå: Vital Circuits: On Pumps, Pipes, and the Working of Circulatory Systems
Àâòîð: Vogel S.
Àííîòàöèÿ:
Most of us think about our circulatory system only when something goes wrong, but the amazing story of how it goes right—"magnificently right," as author Steven Vogel puts it—is equally worthy of our attention. It is physically remarkable, bringing food to (and removing waste from) a hundred trillion cells, coursing through 60,000 miles of arteries and veins (equivalent to over twice around the earth at the equator). And it is also intriguing. For instance, blood leaving the heart flows rapidly through the arteries, then slows down dramatically in the capillaries (to a speed of one mile every fifty days), but in the veins, on its way back to the heart, it speed up again. How?
In Vital Circuits, Steven Vogel answers hundreds of such questions, in a fascinating, often witty, and highly original guide to the heart, vessels and blood. Vogel takes us through the realm of biology and into the neighboring fields of physics, fluid mechanics, and chemistry. We relive the discoveries of such scientists as William Harvey and Otto Loewi, and we consider the circulatory systems of such fellow earth-dwellers as octopuses, hummingbirds, sea gulls, alligators, snails, snakes, and giraffes. Vogel is a master at using everyday points of reference to illustrate potentially daunting concepts. Heating systems, kitchen basters, cocktail parties, balloons—all are pressed into service. And we learn not only such practical information as why it's a bad idea to hold your breath when you strain and why you might want to wear support hose on a long airplane flight, but also the answers to such seemingly unrelated issues as why duck breasts (but not chicken breasts) have dark meat and why dustaccumulates on the blades of a fan.
But the real fascination of Vital Circuits lies neither in its practical advice nor in its trivia. Rather, it is in the detailed picture we construct, piece by piece, of our extraordinary circulatory system. What's more, the author communicates not just information, but the excitement of discovering information. In doing so, he reveals himself to be an eloquent advocate for the cause of science as the most interesting of the humanities. Anyone curious about the workings of the body, whether afflicted with heart trouble or addicted to science watching, will find this book a goldmine of information and oelight.
Pulmonary trunk and veins, pressure in70 Pulmonary trunk and veins, relative size75 Pulmonary valve32 Pulse ratesee "Heartbeat rate" Pumpssee also "Macropumps""Micropumps" Pumps as furnaces911 Pumps, biological pumps, kinds135 Pumps, evaporative141 Pumps, heart1011 Pumps, macro- and micropumps135—141 Pumps, peristaltic pumps135 Pumps, piston148 Pumps, role, energy supplying13 Pumps, role, pressure imparting13—14 Pumps, supercharging23—24141 Random walk99—100283 Red blood cells284 Red blood cells and blood viscosity86199—204 Red blood cells at high altitude164 Red blood cells in capillaries196—197203—204 Red blood cells in lymph206 Red blood cells, amphibians196 Red blood cells, axial accumulation201—202 Red blood cells, corpuscles172 Red blood cells, destroyed in spleen245 Red blood cells, hematocrit, human15—16164 Red blood cells, lifespan, human172 Red blood cells, made in bone marrow245 Red blood cells, nucleated vs. not so172 Red blood cells, rotation in small vessels201—202 Red blood cells, shape201203 Red blood cells, size110196 Red blood cells, speed of travel202 Red blood cells, total number, human16 Rehabilitation, cardiac5266 Renal portal system247—249 Reptilessee also "Crocodilians""Snakes" Reptiles, blood pressure67 Reptiles, circulatory circuits1483—84183 Reptiles, heart83—84 Reptiles, lymph hearts208 Reptiles, renal portal systems247—249 Reptiles, thermoregulation178 Resilience284 Resilience, arterial wall118 Resilience, collagen126 Resilience, elastin125 Resilience, energy conservation117 Resilience, spider silk117 Respiratory pigments158—160284see"Hemoglobin" Resting metabolic ratesee "Metabolic rate" Rete mirabile189190284 Reynolds number8194284 Reynolds number and mixing of liquids83 Reynolds number and regime of flow81—82 Right atrium of fetus34—35 Right atrium, estimating pressure130 Right atrium, location28293177 Right atrium, pressure in70 Right atrium, wall elasticity70 Right ventricle of fetus35 Right ventricle, location28293177 Right ventricle, output, human15 Right ventricle, pressure in70 Right ventricle, wall thickness29—30 Rubber, response to Laplace’s law120 Rubber, stiffness at breakage122 Rubber, stress-strain graph123125 Salts in blood15 Scaling108—111 Scallops, pumping rate137158 Scallops, reopening shell147 Scholander, Per F.193251—252 science255—256 Science as cultural event268 Science as global resource269 Science as intellectual discipline255—256 Science, anthropocentricism, purging112 Science, context, need for256—257259—260 Science, data49256 Science, engineer vs. scientist200 Science, funding53 Science, hidden irrationality5052—53 Science, hypotheses97—98136 Science, impenetrability256 Science, motives for doing256—257 Science, opportunism258 Science, quantification, use of47—49 Science, statistics, use of264—265 Science, theoretical vs. empirical rules89—90 Science, theories and paradigms48 Science, variables, isolating160162—163 Science, writing about256—257259—260269 Scrotum191 Sea anemones105108 Sea water, density71 Sensors for blood pressure227—230 Sensors for oxygen, blood level221—223246 Sensors for water loss225 Sensors in control systems216 Sensors in thermoregulation231 Sensors, misinforming228—229 Sheet flow199 Shivering231 Shrews, hearts111146—147 Shrews, nightly torpor178 Silk, spider, resilience of117 Sinoatrial node54285 Size, body size and Bohr shift166 Size, body size and capillary density110—111 Size, body size and diffusion limitations102104105 Size, body size and evolution112165 Size, body size and human bias111—112 Size, body size and warmth, cost180 Size, body size of heart, relative110 Size, body size of organisms, range107 Size, body size of vessels vs. blood viscosity201 Size, body size of vessels, relative106 Size, body size vs. fat location263 Size, body size vs. heartbeat rate111 Size, body size vs. longevity266—267 Size, body size vs. surface-to-volume ratio180—181 Size, body size, of body parts, relative109 Size, body size, small165—166 Skeleton, mass vs. body size109 Skimming flow (kidneys)202285 Skin, blood supply243 Skin, gill, use as7685 Skin, heat loss from177180 Skin, heat production by176 Skin, peripheral vasodilation214 Skin, radiation from180 Skin, temperature230—232 Snails, circulation circuit9 Snails, respiratory pigment168 Snakes, mainly arboreal67—68 Solid5971 Solid, stiffness of59 Solubility, gas in liquid vs. temperature158—160 Solubility, gas in liquid, common gases7157161167 Sounds of heart, murmurs3382 Sounds of heart, normal24 Sounds of pericardial rub29 Sounds of turbulence82 Speed vs. acceleration253 Speed, gradients58—59 Sphere, Laplace’s law119 Sphere, model for heart20—22 Sphygomomanometer616364—65285 Spiders, blood pressure69
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