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Vogel S. — Vital Circuits: On Pumps, Pipes, and the Working of Circulatory Systems
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Íàçâàíèå: Vital Circuits: On Pumps, Pipes, and the Working of Circulatory SystemsÀâòîð: Vogel S. Àííîòàöèÿ: Most of us think about our circulatory system only when something goes wrong, but the amazing story of how it goes right—"magnificently right," as author Steven Vogel puts it—is equally worthy of our attention. It is physically remarkable, bringing food to (and removing waste from) a hundred trillion cells, coursing through 60,000 miles of arteries and veins (equivalent to over twice around the earth at the equator). And it is also intriguing. For instance, blood leaving the heart flows rapidly through the arteries, then slows down dramatically in the capillaries (to a speed of one mile every fifty days), but in the veins, on its way back to the heart, it speed up again. How?
ßçûê: Ðóáðèêà: Òåõíîëîãèÿ /Ñòàòóñ ïðåäìåòíîãî óêàçàòåëÿ: Ãîòîâ óêàçàòåëü ñ íîìåðàìè ñòðàíèö ed2k: ed2k stats Èçäàíèå: 1st editionÃîä èçäàíèÿ: 1992Êîëè÷åñòâî ñòðàíèö: 315Äîáàâëåíà â êàòàëîã: 06.09.2009Îïåðàöèè: Ïîëîæèòü íà ïîëêó |
Ñêîïèðîâàòü ññûëêó äëÿ ôîðóìà | Ñêîïèðîâàòü ID
Ïðåäìåòíûé óêàçàòåëü
"Design" in organisms 49—50 93—94 167—168 "Windkessel" model 117 118 288 Acceleration, force requirement 253 Acetylcholine 52 54 271 Adrenal gland 54—55 Adrenalin 52 54—55 271 Aerobic reactions 221 271 Air, thermoregulation in 179 see Alligator see also "Crocodilians heart" 83 Alligator, metabolic rate 8 Alveoli 271 Alveoli, hemoglobin loading 162 Alveoli, oxygen concentration 159 161—162 Alveoli, size and diffusion in 102 Amphibians see also "Frogs" Amphibians, circulatory circuits 14 Amphibians, heart 76—77 83—85 Amphibians, large blood cells 196 Amphibians, lymph hearts 208 Amphibians, renal portal systems 247—249 Anaerobic metabolism 221 254 271 Anatomy, fixation on 9 19 30 248—249 Ancestral forms and size 111—112 Ancestral forms vs. derived 78 Anemia 159 272 Aneurysm 17 45 122 272 Aneurysm, aortic 122 144—145 Aneurysm, cerebral 122 Aneurysm, ruptured 14 17 Angina pectoris 260 272 Angiography 272 Angioplasty 31 272 Animals see Organisms Anticoagulants 240 Aorta 14f 212 Aorta, blood pressure in 63—65 Aorta, change at birth 35 Aorta, crocodilians 83 Aorta, cross-sectional area 79 Aorta, flow speed in 16 79 Aorta, frog 85 Aorta, location 28 29 Aorta, wall thickness 120—121 Aortic valve, location 32 Aortic valve, pressure across 69 Archer fish 78 Aristotle 19 256 Arrhythmia 238 272 Arterial cushions 202—203 Arteries 11 14 272 see "Arterioles" Arteries and Laplace’s law 124 Arteries as pressure buffer 128 129 Arteries, capacitor action 117 118 Arteries, crustaceans 127 Arteries, necessary properties 121—123 Arteries, pressure in 65 69 Arteries, pulsation 45 46 Arteries, volume variations 116 117 Arteries, wall character 45 Arteries, wall stiffness 124—126 229—230 Arteries, wall structure 126—127 Arteries, wall thickness 120 Arteries, “Windkessel” model 117 118 Arterioles 272 Arterioles, arrangement 197 Arterioles, muscles of 198 225 229 Arterioles, pressure in 69 85 Arterioles, wall thickness 121 Arteriosclerosis 229 272 Arteriovenous shunts 80 197 230 272 Arthropods 10 272 see "Insects" "Spiders" Ascidians, hearts 24 136 Atherosclerosis 116 272 Atmosphere, oxygen content 157 Atmosphere, pressure 60 62 164 Atria (auricles) 14 273 see "Right Atria (auricles), changes at birth 35 Atria (auricles), functional role 22—24 Atria (auricles), location 28 Atria (auricles), supercharger analogy 23 24 Atria (auricles), triggering heartbeat 54 Atrioventricular node 54 272 Author and unvented trunk 62—63 Author as ambulatory manometer 64 Author as human animal 15 Author meets Valsalva’s ghost 151 Author, batrachiophilia 53 55 Author, circulatory disabilities 4—5 151 Author, corporeal insignificance 265 Author, dietary peccadillos 265 Author, dislike of exercise 5 Author, hairless head 16 Author, limitations as artist 30 Author, rehabilitation 5 170 Axial accumulation 201—202 Axial accumulation and arterial cushions 202 Axial accumulation and skimming flow 202 Ballistae 126 Balloon angioplasty 31 balloons 17 117 Balloons and Laplace’s law 118—120 144—145 Balloons, aneurysms 17 122 Balloons, model for science 259 Barometer 61 273 Bear, non-hibernating 180 Beaver tail, countercurrent exchanger 190—191 Bernard, Claude 219—220 250 Bernoulli’s principle 149—150 273 Beta-adrenergic blockers 52 230 250 Biology, biologists see also "Evolution" Biology, biologists, anatomical fixation 9 19 30 248—249 Biology, biologists, animals vs. computers, using 53 84—85 Biology, biologists, bias of large animal 83 111—112 Biology, biologists, comparative viewpoint 4 36 47 108 127—128 Biology, biologists, convergence 127—128 Biology, biologists, feminist subject 55—56 Biology, biologists, history 43—44 Biology, biologists, physics, detachment from 84 138 Biology, biologists, structure and function 19 167—168 248—249 Biology, biologists, systems, integration of 152 155 Biology, biologists, terminological fixation 9 Biology, biologists, textbook bashing 10 16 135 205 209 Biology, biologists, “design” in organisms 49—50 93—94 167—168 Birds, blood pressure 68—69 76 Birds, body temperatures 179 Birds, bones, vented 63 Birds, cardiac output 111 147 Birds, circulatory circuits 11—15 76 Birds, evolution 12 Birds, heart structure 29 Birds, hemoglobins 164 Birds, legs, countercurrent exchanger 187—189 190 Birds, nasal countercurrent exchanger 192 Birds, red blood cells 172 Birds, wading in cold water 187—189 Birds, warmbloodedness 7—8 178 Birth, circulation shifts 35—36 Birth, hemoglobin change 163 Blankets, electric 219—220 Blood see also specific "Blood entries" Blood cells see "Red blood cells" "White Blood clotting 203 237—241 Blood clotting, anticlotting system 240 Blood clotting, anticoagulants 240 Blood clotting, cascade of reactions 240 Blood clotting, coagulation 240 Blood clotting, hazard of clot 238 Blood clotting, hemophilia 238 Blood clotting, positive feedback 218 239 240—241 Blood clotting, role of platelets 239 Blood composition, control 220 221—226 Blood composition, organs controlling 241—246 Blood flow speed see also "Flow speeds" Blood flow speed vs. oxygen delivery 157—158 Blood flow speed, adrenalin on, effect of 55 Blood flow speed, vessels, in different 16 17 79 Blood pressure see also "Pressure" Blood pressure and capillary filtration 204—205 Blood pressure and exercise 146 227 Blood pressure and exsanguination 128 Blood pressure and posture 129—131 Blood pressure and Starling hypothesis 204—205 Blood pressure in atherosclerosis 116 Blood pressure in cold 227 Blood pressure in coronary arteries 87 Blood pressure in kidney’s capillaries 244 Blood pressure vs. heartbeat rate 146 Blood pressure vs. height, manometric 65—68 Blood pressure, abnormally high 229—230 Blood pressure, adrenalin and 55 Blood pressure, arteries vs. veins 128 Blood pressure, brain 227 Blood pressure, cheating measurement 64—65 Blood pressure, control 220 226—230 Blood pressure, first measurement 117 Blood pressure, giraffe 66 Blood pressure, horse 67 Blood pressure, left ventricle 115—116 Blood pressure, measurement 61 64—65 Blood pressure, normal human value 63 Blood pressure, reptiles 67 Blood pressure, right atrium, estimating 130 Blood pressure, sensors for 227—230 Blood pressure, subatmospheric 70 Blood pressure, systemic vs. pulmonary 76 Blood pressure, systolic vs. diastolic 63 65 Blood pressure, various animals 68—69 110 Blood pressure, various locations 69—70 Blood proteins see "Proteins" Blood vessels see also "Arteries" "Capillaries" "Veins" Blood vessels and biological “design” 94 Blood vessels and Laplace’s law 120—121 Blood vessels, aneurysms 17 45 122 Blood vessels, arterial cushions 202 Blood vessels, collagen wall lining 239 Blood vessels, compliance of 116 Blood vessels, diversity of size 136 Blood vessels, injury to 239 Blood vessels, muscle of walls 20 Blood vessels, necessary non-rigidity 116—117 229 Blood vessels, peristaltic 136 Blood vessels, size readjustment 92—93 Blood vessels, size vs. blood viscosity 200—203 Blood vessels, variable volume 116 Blood vessels, wall thickness 121 Blood viscosity see "Viscosity" Blood volume after exsanguination 213 Blood volume and size of animal 111 Blood volume and venous volume 129 Blood volume, autoregulation 225—226 Blood volume, control 224—226 Blood volume, human 15 Blood, adrenalin in 54 Blood, carbon dioxide transport 167 Blood, components 15 Blood, convective medium 177 181—184 Blood, dissociation curve, fetal 161 Blood, dissociation curve, human 161 Blood, hematocrit 15—16 86 110 Blood, hemoglobin concentration 110 159 Blood, overall role 6—7 Blood, pathway through body 9—15 Blood, pathway through fetus 34—35 Blood, pathway through heart 30 Blood, pathway, pre-Harvey 44 Blood, supply to various organs 242—243 Blood, total volume 110 Blood, viscosity 110 Blood, viscosity vs. vessel size 200—202 203 Blood-brain barrier 249—250 273 Blood-brain barrier, diffusion across 250 Blood-brain barrier, transit, pharmaceuticals 250 Blubber, cost to make 180 Blubber, insulation 179—180 Body size see "Size" Body temperature see also "Temperature" Body temperature, autoregulation 177 Body temperature, control 220 230—232 Body temperature, core vs. periphery 180 230—232 Body temperature, cost vs. size 263 Body temperature, diurnal variation 180 Body temperature, insects in flight 178 Body temperature, skin 230—232 Body temperature, uniformity 175—180 Body temperature, warmbloodedness 7—8 76 178—180 182 Body water and blood volume 224—226 Body water and hematocrit 224 Body water in cells 225 Body water, compartments 224—225 Body water, interstitial 206 225 Body water, plasma 225 Bohr shift 163 166 167 273 Bone marrow and red blood cells 245 Brain and pituitary gland 247 Brain in control systems 221 Brain, blood-brain barrier 249—250 Brain, cerebrospinal fluid 249—250 Brain, heat production 176 Brain, hydrocephalus 250 Brain, local cooling 190 Brain, maintaining blood pressure 227 Brain, relative blood supply 243 Branches in pipes and vessels 78 87 Branches in pipes and vessels, Murray’s law 91—93 Branches in pipes and vessels, retia mirabilia 188—189 Branches in pipes and vessels, sizes and costs 87—93 Breathholding, underwater swimming 222 Breathholding, Valsalva maneuver 151 Breathing and heart performance 150—151 Breathing in blood oxygen control 221—224 Breathing vs. air composition 221—222 Breathing, high altitude 222 Breathing, hyperventilation 222 Bulk flow see "Convection" Burrowing 164 Bypass surgery see "Cardiac bypass surgery" Calorie (cal) (energy) 18 274 Capacitor 117 118 Capillaries 14 274 Capillaries and principle of continuity 78—79 Capillaries in blood volume control 225 Capillaries of lungs 102 196 198—199 Capillaries, animal size vs. density 165 Capillaries, arrangement 197 Capillaries, density in tissue 110—111 165 Capillaries, discovery 46 196 Capillaries, filtration 204—205 Capillaries, fit of red blood cells 196—197 203—204 Capillaries, flow across walls 205—206 Capillaries, flow speed 16 79 Capillaries, lack of muscle 198 Capillaries, maternal and fetal 34 Capillaries, Murray’s law, violation 91 Capillaries, passage of white blood cells 203—204 Capillaries, postulated existence 46 Capillaries, pre- and postcapillary muscles 225 229 Capillaries, pressures in 69—70 85—86 204—207 Capillaries, proliferation, high altitude 164 Capillaries, shortness 86 Capillaries, Starling hypothesis 204—205 207 225—226 243
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