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Vogel S. — Vital Circuits: On Pumps, Pipes, and the Working of Circulatory Systems
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Íàçâàíèå: Vital Circuits: On Pumps, Pipes, and the Working of Circulatory SystemsÀâòîð: Vogel S. Àííîòàöèÿ: Most of us think about our circulatory system only when something goes wrong, but the amazing story of how it goes right—"magnificently right," as author Steven Vogel puts it—is equally worthy of our attention. It is physically remarkable, bringing food to (and removing waste from) a hundred trillion cells, coursing through 60,000 miles of arteries and veins (equivalent to over twice around the earth at the equator). And it is also intriguing. For instance, blood leaving the heart flows rapidly through the arteries, then slows down dramatically in the capillaries (to a speed of one mile every fifty days), but in the veins, on its way back to the heart, it speed up again. How?
ßçûê: Ðóáðèêà: Òåõíîëîãèÿ /Ñòàòóñ ïðåäìåòíîãî óêàçàòåëÿ: Ãîòîâ óêàçàòåëü ñ íîìåðàìè ñòðàíèö ed2k: ed2k stats Èçäàíèå: 1st editionÃîä èçäàíèÿ: 1992Êîëè÷åñòâî ñòðàíèö: 315Äîáàâëåíà â êàòàëîã: 06.09.2009Îïåðàöèè: Ïîëîæèòü íà ïîëêó |
Ñêîïèðîâàòü ññûëêó äëÿ ôîðóìà | Ñêîïèðîâàòü ID
Ïðåäìåòíûé óêàçàòåëü
Capillaries, total cross-sectional area 79—80 89 Capillaries, total flow through 75 Capillaries, total number 80 88 Capillaries, wall area 16 Capillaries, wall structure 198 Carbohydrate, energy yield 8 263—264 269 Carbon dioxide 274 Carbon dioxide and Bohr shift 163 Carbon dioxide and nerve impulse generation 222 Carbon dioxide in beer 158 Carbon dioxide, cellular production 7 163 Carbon dioxide, from lactic acid 221 Carbon dioxide, reduction by hyperventilation 222 Carbon dioxide, solubility in water 7 167 Carbon dioxide, stimulus for breathing 221—224 Carbon dioxide, stimulus for increased heartbeat rate 221 224 Carbon dioxide, stimulus for vasodilation 223—224 Carbon dioxide, transport in blood 7 167 Carbon monoxide 166—167 274 Carbonic acid 167 Cardiac bypass surgery 31 133 273 Cardiac output 274 Cardiac output, birds 111 147 Cardiac output, cephalopods 169 Cardiac output, control involving 220 Cardiac output, Harvey’s estimate 46—47 49 Cardiac output, human, rest and maximal 15 79 Cardiac output, regulating 142—147 Cardiac rehabilitation, clinic 5 170 Cardiac rehabilitation, physical activity 5 Cardiovascular see "Circulation" Cardiovascular disease and age 260—261 Cardiovascular disease and life style 262 Cardiovascular disease and turbulent flow 82 Cardiovascular disease, anemia 159 Cardiovascular disease, angina pectoris 260 Cardiovascular disease, aortic aneurysm 122 Cardiovascular disease, arteriosclerosis 229 Cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis 116 Cardiovascular disease, carbon monoxide toxicity 166—167 Cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease 31 38 87 Cardiovascular disease, cross-cultural comparisons 261 Cardiovascular disease, heart attack (infarction) 144 260 Cardiovascular disease, hemophilia 238 253 Cardiovascular disease, pericarditis 29 Cardiovascular disease, statistics 264—265 Carotid bodies 222—223 Cat, skeletal fraction 109 Cell-free layer 202 cells see also "Red blood cells" "White Cells in blood 15 Cells of plants 104 108 120 Cells, autonomy 6 Cells, metabolism 8 Cells, size 104 108 113 Cells, total number in body 6 Cephalopods see also "Mollusks" "Octopus" "Squids" Cephalopods, circulatory arrangements 36—38 Cephalopods, circulatory data 169—171 Cephalopods, evolution of circulation 37—38 171—172 Cephalopods, lack of coronary arteries 87—88 Cephalopods, Laplace’s law and vessels 126 Cerebrospinal fluid 249—250 274 Cerebrospinal fluid, functions 250 Cerebrospinal fluid, hydrocephalus 250 Cholesterol 264 274 Ciliated channels 275 Ciliated channels, diffusion from 139—140 Ciliated channels, Fallopian tubes 139—140 Ciliated channels, inefficiency as pumps 140 Ciliated channels, molluscan gills 137 138 140 Ciliated channels, tracheal tubes 139—140 Circulation 105 see Circulation and multicellularity 108 Circulation and principle of continuity 75 Circulation time, human 15 Circulation, analogy to heating systems 9—11 Circulation, cephalopods 36—38 169—171 Circulation, cilia-driven 138 Circulation, circuitry, general 9—15 Circulation, closed systems 11 Circulation, collateral 93 Circulation, cost of operation 16 140 Circulation, discovery 43—50 Circulation, doing without 104—105 Circulation, evolution 11—14 38 83—85 Circulation, fetal 34—36 Circulation, force transmission 7 214 243—244 Circulation, gas transport 7—8 Circulation, heat transfer by 7 177 Circulation, human data 15—16 Circulation, insects 7 Circulation, need for 98—105 Circulation, open systems 10—11 Circulation, overall role 6 Circulation, scale of components 8 106 Circulation, serial vs. shunted 17 76 Circulation, snails 9—10 Circulation, spiders 9—10 Circulation, total pipe length 17 clocks 215 Closed circulatory systems 10 275 Clotting see Blood clotting Coagulation see Blood clotting Coldbloodedness 7 8 76 178 Collagen 275 Collagen in arterial wall 126—127 Collagen in ballistae 126 Collagen in heart 149 Collagen in octopus aorta 127 Collagen in tendons 126 Collagen in venous wall 129 Collagen, acid hydrolysis 39 Collagen, platelets, interaction with 239 Collagen, resilience 126 Collagen, source of glue 38 Collagen, stiffness 126 Collagen, toughness 38—39 Collateral circulation 93 Comparative biology 4 36 47 108 Compliance of vessels 116 Concentration gradients and diffusion 101—102 165 Concentration gradients of oxygen 90 111 155—157 Concurrent heat exchanger 185—186 Conduction, thermal 183 192—193 Conservation of mass 74—75 see Continuity see "Principle of continuity" control systems 213—234 Control systems in human technology 214—215 Control systems, anticipatory control 223 232 Control systems, autoregulation 225—226 228 Control systems, blood composition 241—246 Control systems, critical components 216—218 Control systems, diagrammatic representation 216—219 Control systems, necessity for 213 Control systems, passive control 225—226 228 Control systems, simple examples 215—217 Control systems, time delay in loops 223 Control systems, time scale of operation 214 233 Convection 98 275 Convection in cooking liquids 104 Convection vs. diffusion 99 Convection, circulation as 104 Convection, free vs. forced 100 113 Cooking, cookware materials 192—193 Cooking, cooling a casserole 175 Cooking, heat 27 38—40 175 Cooking, liquids and convection 104 Cooking, temperature gradients 90 175 Cooking, times for roasting 103—104 Coronary arteries 275 Coronary arteries, diastolic filling 87 Coronary arteries, fish 38 Coronary arteries, location 30—31 Coronary arteries, occlusion 87 Coronary arteries, role 31 Coronary artery disease 31 38 87 275 Coronary veins 31 33 Countercurrent heat exchanger 185—192 275 Countercurrent heat exchanger, demonstration device 186—187 188 Countercurrent heat exchanger, preventing heat movement 187—192 Countercurrent heat exchanger, transfer efficiency 186 Creep of materials 117 Crocodilians see also "Alligator" "Reptiles" Crocodilians, heart 76—77 83—85 Crocodilians, non-mixing in ventricle 83—84 Cross-flow heat exchanger 185 Crucifixion 132 Crustaceans, arterial stiffness 127 Crustaceans, blood pressure 69 Crustaceans, neurogenic heart 51 Crustaceans, respiratory pigment 168 Cyclosis 104 108 Cylinder, Laplace’s law 119 density 74 Density in Reynolds number 81 Density, mercury 74 Density, sea water 71 Density, water 74 Diaphragm 28 150 275 Diastole 276 Diastole, coronary artery filling 87 Diastole, heart motion during 149 Diastole, heart volume during 142 143 Diastolic pressure 65 273 Diet, preference for fat 264 Diet, primitive human 262—263 Diffusion and parabolic flow 138—139 Diffusion and plug flow 139—140 Diffusion and random walk 99 Diffusion from capillaries 203—204 Diffusion from ciliated pipes 139—140 Diffusion in gas vs. liquid 102—103 Diffusion in oxygen transport 155 Diffusion, "rate" of 101—102 Diffusion, apparent direction 101—102 Diffusion, demonstrating 103 Diffusion, distance limitation 102 104 105 Diffusion, effective path length 139—140 165 198 Diffusion, explained 98—103 156—157 276 Diffusion, facilitated 252 Diffusion, heat conduction analogy 103—104 Diffusion, omnidirectionality 99—100 Diffusion, systems using only 106—107 108 Diffusion, time for exchange 105—106 Diffusion, ubiquity 105 Digestion and hepatic portal system 246—247 Digestion, heat production, organs of 176 Dinosaurs, lymph hearts of 208—209 Dinosaurs, warmbloodedness 180 Disease, cardiovascular see "Cardiovascular disease" Disease, infectious 5 260—261 Dissociation curves 160—166 276 Dissociation curves, carbon dioxide and 163 Dissociation curves, fetal blood 161 Dissociation curves, high altitude mammal 161 Dissociation curves, human blood 161 Dissociation curves, vs. body size 165 Diving, breathholding 222 Diving, giant iguana (reptile) 76 94 183 Diving, mammals 67 Dragonfly larva 78 Duck, countercurrent legs 190 Ears, auditory ossicles 12 18 Ears, eardrum 62 Earthworm, giant, blood pressure 69 Earthworm, giant, oxygen carrying capacity 169 Edema 205 208 276 Elasticity see also "Extensibility" "Resilience" "Stiffness" Elasticity, right atrial wall 70 Elastin 276 Elastin in arterial wall 126 127 Elastin in heart 149 Elastin in nuchal ligament 125 Elastin in venous wall 129 Elastin, extensibility 125 Elastin, resilience 125 Elephant, heartbeat rate 111 Elephant, longevity 109 Elephant, metabolic rate 109 111 Elephant, skeleton 109 Elephant, support stockings 67 Elephant, trunk 147 Elephantiasis 209 Energy and oxygen demand 157 Energy and water vaporization 183 Energy vs. force 253 Energy, content, carbohydrate, fat 263—264 269 Energy, cost of pumping 16 140—141 Energy, expenditure in flight 7 172 Energy, from food 262—265 Energy, loss in non-resiliency 117—118 Energy, loss in pipes 13 59 89 Energy, production, metabolic 8 Energy, storage in collagen 126 Energy, use (metabolic) rate 157 Enzymes, activity vs. temperature 179 193 Erythrocytes see "Red blood cells" Esophagus 29 Eustachian tubes 62 276 Evaporation, cooling by 183 Evaporation, transpiration 141 Evolution 11 Evolution and kidney function 244 Evolution and renal portal system 247—249 Evolution and size changes 112 165 Evolution and “design” optimization 88 Evolution of animal flight 112 Evolution of hemoglobins 252 Evolution of lifespan 267—268 Evolution of molluscan circulation 37—38 171—172 Evolution of parasitic relationships 209 Evolution of vertebrate circulation 11—14 38 83—85 Evolution, convergence in 127—128 Evolution, structure and function in 19 Exchangers see "Heat exchangers" Exercise and health 265 Exercise and metabolic scope 170 Exercise, breathholding during 151 222 Exercise, circulatory shifts 213 221 223 243 Exercise, heat production during 231 Exercise, peripheral vasodilation 214 221 224 226—227 extensibility 133 276 Extensibility of arteries 115—128 Extensibility of collagen 126 Extensibility of elastin 125 Extensibility of spider silk 118 Fabricius, Hieronymus 48 130 Facilitated diffusion 252 Fainting (syncope), crucifixion 132 Fainting (syncope), pressure sensors 228 FAT 277 Fat as food 263—264 Fat in blood 15 Fat in muscle 263 Fat, content of heart 27 Fat, content of meats 41 Fat, energy content 8 263 269 Fat, skin, beneath 263 Feathers 179
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