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Vogel S. — Vital Circuits: On Pumps, Pipes, and the Working of Circulatory Systems
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Íàçâàíèå: Vital Circuits: On Pumps, Pipes, and the Working of Circulatory SystemsÀâòîð: Vogel S. Àííîòàöèÿ: Most of us think about our circulatory system only when something goes wrong, but the amazing story of how it goes right—"magnificently right," as author Steven Vogel puts it—is equally worthy of our attention. It is physically remarkable, bringing food to (and removing waste from) a hundred trillion cells, coursing through 60,000 miles of arteries and veins (equivalent to over twice around the earth at the equator). And it is also intriguing. For instance, blood leaving the heart flows rapidly through the arteries, then slows down dramatically in the capillaries (to a speed of one mile every fifty days), but in the veins, on its way back to the heart, it speed up again. How?
ßçûê: Ðóáðèêà: Òåõíîëîãèÿ /Ñòàòóñ ïðåäìåòíîãî óêàçàòåëÿ: Ãîòîâ óêàçàòåëü ñ íîìåðàìè ñòðàíèö ed2k: ed2k stats Èçäàíèå: 1st editionÃîä èçäàíèÿ: 1992Êîëè÷åñòâî ñòðàíèö: 315Äîáàâëåíà â êàòàëîã: 06.09.2009Îïåðàöèè: Ïîëîæèòü íà ïîëêó |
Ñêîïèðîâàòü ññûëêó äëÿ ôîðóìà | Ñêîïèðîâàòü ID
Ïðåäìåòíûé óêàçàòåëü
Lobster, blood pressure 69 Loewi, Otto 50—53 Longevity vs. body size 109 266—267 Longevity, biological basis 267—268 Longevity, heartbeats per lifetime 18 266—267 Longevity, humans 260—261 Longevity, metabolic time 266—267 Lugworm (Aremcola) 164 165 Lung capillaries see also "Alveoli" Lung capillaries, diffusion and size 102 Lung capillaries, discovery 46 196 Lung capillaries, structure 198—199 Lungs see also "Alveoli" specific Lungs and principle of continuity 75 Lungs and visceral piston 150 Lungs at high altitude 164 Lungs vs. gills 37 Lungs, birds and mammals 13 Lungs, blood supply, human 243 Lungs, blood supply, reptiles 76—77 Lungs, evaporation within 180 Lungs, evolution 13 Lungs, fetal 34—35 46 Lungs, function, old view 44—45 Lungs, heat loss from 177 180 Lungs, heat production 176 Lungs, interaction with heart 150 Lungs, location, mammal 28 Lungs, shunting blood around 76—77 Lungs, spiders 10 Lungs, tracheal pipes 45 Lungs, weight 17 242 Lymph hearts 208 279 Lymph nodes 206 209 279 Lymph, origin and composition 206—207 279 Lymphatic systems 206—209 Lymphatic systems, arrangement 206 Lymphatic systems, control 207 Lymphatic systems, flow rate 206 207 Lymphatic systems, occurrence 207 Lymphatic systems, pressures 206 Lymphatic systems, role 206 Lymphatic vessels, arrangement 206 Lymphatic vessels, blockage by worms 209 Lymphatic vessels, muscular walls 207 Lymphatic vessels, valves 207 Machines, “smart” vs. “stupid” 215—216 Macropumps 136 see Macropumps, valve-and-chamber type 135 138 Malpighi, Marcello 46 55 196 Mammals see also "Humans" Mammals at high altitudes 161 164—165 Mammals, body temperatures 179 Mammals, diving 67 Mammals, evolution 12 Mammals, fur 179 182 231 235 Mammals, location of heart 27—28 Mammals, nasal countercurrent 190 192 Mammals, renal portal system 247 Mammals, warmbloodedness 7—8 178 Manometer 61 63 64 130 280 Meat see also "Cooking" "Diet" Meat, fat content 41 Meat, heart as lean 27 38 Meat, light vs. dark 251—252 Meat, muscle as 38 Mediastinum 27 29 280 Metabolic rate 280 Metabolic rate and oxygen demand 157—158 Metabolic rate vs. body size 109 111 Metabolic rate, alligator 8 Metabolic rate, elephant vs. mouse 109 Metabolic rate, human, sedentary 8 Metabolic rate, maxima 109 Metabolic rate, thermal measurement 178 Metabolic scope (Mets) 170 280 Metabolic scope (Mets), data 170 Metabolic time 266—267 268 280 Metabolism as combustion 178 Microcirculation 128 195—211 Microcirculation, flow anomalies 199—204 Microcirculation, vessel resistance 220 Micropumps 136 see Micropumps in suspension feeding 141 Micropumps, evaporative pump 141 Micropumps, global role 141 Micropumps, inefficiency 140 Micropumps, volume flow rates 136—137 138 Microscopes, microscopy 195 196 209—210 Millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) (pressure) 60 280 Millimeters of water (pressure) 64 Mitral valve 32 45 280 Models and demonstrations, "Windkessel" 117 118 Models and demonstrations, balloons for blood vessels 121—122 Models and demonstrations, baster, check valves for heart 25—26 Models and demonstrations, cooling of liquid for circulation 104 Models and demonstrations, dye movement in gelatin for diffusion 103 Models and demonstrations, electric blanket for feedback 219—220 Models and demonstrations, flies for diffusive transport 156—157 Models and demonstrations, heat exchanger 186—188 Models and demonstrations, heating system for negative feedback 215—217 Models and demonstrations, heating systems for circulation 9—11 Models and demonstrations, houses for cells 6 Models and demonstrations, models as hypotheses 21—22 Models and demonstrations, roasting times for diffusion 103—104 Models and demonstrations, squeezing yogurt for filtration 205 Models and demonstrations, toilet tank for negative feedback 215—217 Mollusks 280 see "Scallops" "Snails" "Squids" Mollusks, atria of hearts 23 Mollusks, blood pressures 69 Mollusks, circulatory arrangements 36—38 Mollusks, evolution of circulation 171—172 Mollusks, gill flow rates 137 Mouse, heartbeat rate 111 Mouse, hemoglobins 164 Mouse, longevity 109 Mouse, metabolic rate 109 111 Mouse, skeleton 109 Mucus 139—140 Murmur, heart 33 82 281 Murray’s law 91—93 106 281 Muscle 281 Muscle and venous valves 131 Muscle as meat 38 Muscle in arterioles, venules 198 Muscle of vessels 20 198 207 225 Muscle, capillaries, absence in 198 Muscle, dark vs. light 189 Muscle, fat content 263—264 Muscle, force vs. length 143 Muscle, heart 17 46 Muscle, heat production 176 Muscle, postcapillary 225 Muscle, precapillary 225 229 Muscle, reexpansion 147—148 Muscle, shortening distance 20—22 Myogenic hearts 51 281 Myoglobin 250—253 281 Negative feedback 218 241 277 Negative feedback, automatic speed control 226 Negative feedback, blood pressure 226—230 Negative feedback, blood volume 224—226 Negative feedback, body temperature 230—232 Negative feedback, compensatory control 218 Negative feedback, electric blanket 219—220 Negative feedback, heating system 215—217 Negative feedback, oxygen in blood 221—224 Negative feedback, toilet tank float 215—217 Nerves, absence in heart valves 17 Nerves, cardioaccelerator 51—52 54 Nerves, cardiodepressor 51—52 Nerves, junctions 52 Neurogenic hearts 51 281 Neurohormones 55 Newton (N) (force) 60 71 Newton’s First Law 57—58 81 Newton’s third law 149 No-slip condition 58 59 281 nodes see "Atrioventricular node" "Lymph "Sinoatrial Nozzle 78 87 Nuchal ligament 125 Octopus see also "Cephalopods" Octopus, aorta 127 Octopus, arterial elastomer 127 Octopus, blood pressure 69 Octopus, blood volume 169 Octopus, cardiac output 169 Octopus, circulation 36—38 Octopus, coronary arteries, lack of 187—188 Octopus, metabolic scope 170 Octopus, oxygen consumption 169 171 Octopus, tired blood 169—171 Open circulatory systems 10 281 Organisms, anaerobic 254 Organisms, diversity 4 Organisms, functional integration 55 Organisms, size range 107 Organisms, without circulation 104—105 os penis 234 Osmosis 205 Oxygen 281 Oxygen and hemoglobin 159 Oxygen in alveoli 159 Oxygen in atmosphere 157 Oxygen, bloods, avidity 160 162 Oxygen, capillary to cell 110 Oxygen, concentration gradient 111 Oxygen, consumption, kidneys 242 Oxygen, demand 157 Oxygen, diffusion rate 102 Oxygen, dissociation curves 160—162 Oxygen, effect on breathing rate 223 Oxygen, effect on cardiac output 223 Oxygen, facilitated diffusion 252 Oxygen, lowering lactic acid 221 Oxygen, solubility in water 7 157 161 Oxygen, supply, calculating 142 Oxygen, supply, control 221—224 Oxygen, supply, to brain 132 Oxygen, supply, to liver 246 Oxygen, transport by myoglobin 251—252 Oxygen, transport in blood 7 155—173 Oxygen, use by cells 7 Pacemaker 54—55 281 Panting as brain cooler 190 Panting in thermoregulation 231 Panting, mechanism 193 Papillary muscles 32 282 Parabolic flow 138 139 282 see Parabolic flow, diffusion from 138—140 Parallel flow heat exchanger 185 Parasitology 209 Pascal (Pa) (pressure) 60 282 Penis, erection 7 214 Penis, os penis 234 Pepys, Samuel 196 209—210 Pericardial cavity 29 149 150 282 Pericardial fluid 29 Pericarditis 29 282 Peristalsis 282 Peristalsis in intestine 23 Peristalsis of hearts 24 Peristalsis, pumps 25 135—136 Phlebotomy 132 282 Piloerection, in thermoregulation 231 282 Pipes see also "Blood vessels" "Pumps" Pipes and principle of continuity 78 Pipes, branches 78 Pipes, energy loss 13 59 Pipes, Hagen — Poiseuille equation 84—87 Pipes, laminar vs. turbulent flow 80—82 Pipes, Murray’s law 91—93 Pipes, rigid vs. non-rigid 116 Pipes, size vs. cost of flow 86—88 Pituitary gland 247 Placenta 34—35 Plants as food 263—264 Plants, cells of 104 108 120 Plants, transpiration 141 plasma 15 282 Plasma, body water fraction 225 Plasma, viscosity, non-anomalous 200 Platelets 282 Platelets, aggregation in clotting 239 Platelets, number 239 Platelets, peripheral flow 203 Platelets, size and character 239 Plug flow, diffusion from 139—140 Poiseuille’s equation see Hagen — Poiseuille equation Porpoises, countercurrent flipper 188 Portal systems 246—249 283 Portal systems of pituitary 247 Portal systems, hepatic 246—247 Portal systems, renal 247—249 Positive feedback 218 211 Positive feedback in blood clotting 218 239 240—241 Positive feedback, electric blanket model 219—220 Positive feedback, general role 241 Positive feedback, insect molting 241 Positive feedback, mating frenzy 240—241 Postcapillary muscles 225 Pounds per square inch (PSI) (pressure) 62 Precapillary muscles 225 229 Pressure 60 283 see Pressure and Hagen — Poiseuille equation 84—85 Pressure and lift 149 Pressure in lymphatic vessels 206 Pressure vs. depth 64 Pressure vs. manometric height 65—68 Pressure, atmospheric 62 Pressure, barometric 60 Pressure, difference, to pump 13 22—23 Pressure, gauge pressure 63 277 Pressure, gradients 90 Pressure, inflating balloon 119 Pressure, intrathoracic 151 Pressure, Laplace’s law 119 Pressure, measuring 60—61 Pressure, omnidirectional character 60 Pressure, units 60—62 Primitive vs. advanced 78 249 262—263 Principle of continuity 75 78—80 89 106 138 283 Prostheses, heart valves 26 33 Prostheses, pacemaker 54 Proteins (blood proteins) in blood 15 Proteins (blood proteins) in coagulation process 240 Proteins (blood proteins) in lymph 206—207 Proteins (blood proteins), release from liver 225 Proteins (blood proteins), resistance to filtration 204 243 Proteins (blood proteins), stability vs. temperature 179 Proteins (blood proteins), synthesis in liver 245 Proteins (blood proteins), urea production from 242 Pulmonary circuit 30 46 76 283 Pulmonary circuit, mixing with systemic 83—85 Pulmonary circuit, pressures in 70 Pulmonary trunk and veins 283 Pulmonary trunk and veins and Harvey 45 50 Pulmonary trunk and veins of fetus 35 Pulmonary trunk and veins, changes at birth 36 Pulmonary trunk and veins, location 28 29 31
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