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Pollock D.H. (ed.) — The infrared & electro-optical systems handbook. Countermeasure systems
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Íàçâàíèå: The infrared & electro-optical systems handbook. Countermeasure systemsÀâòîð: Pollock D.H. (ed.) Àííîòàöèÿ: The Infrared and Electro-Optical Systems Handbook is a joint product of the Infrared Information Analysis Center (IRIA) and the International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE). Sponsored by the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC), this work is an outgrowth of its predecessor, The Infrared Handbook, published in 1978. The circulation of nearly 20,000 copies is adequate testimony to its wide acceptance in the electro-optics and infrared communities. The Infrared Handbook was itself preceded by The Handbook of Military Infrared Technology. Since its original inception, new topics and technologies have emerged for which little or no reference material exists. This work is intended to update and complement the currentlnfrared Handbook by revision, addition of new materials, and reformatting to increase its utility. Of necessity, some material from the current book was reproduced as is. havingbecn adjudged as being current and adequate. The 45 chapters represent most subject areas of current activity in the military, aerospace, and civilian communities and contain material that has rarely appeared so extensively in the open literature.
ßçûê: Ðóáðèêà: Ôèçèêà /Ñòàòóñ ïðåäìåòíîãî óêàçàòåëÿ: Ãîòîâ óêàçàòåëü ñ íîìåðàìè ñòðàíèö ed2k: ed2k stats Ãîä èçäàíèÿ: 1993Êîëè÷åñòâî ñòðàíèö: 508Äîáàâëåíà â êàòàëîã: 31.01.2011Îïåðàöèè: Ïîëîæèòü íà ïîëêó |
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Obscuration countermeasures, transmittance/extinction, Beer's law 367—368 Obscuration countermeasures, transmittance/extinction, extinction, scattering, and absorption coefficients 370—371 Obscuration countermeasures, transmittance/extinction, line of sight vs propagation path 368—369 Obscuration countermeasures, transmittance/extinction, optical depth 369—370 Observables, low 159 Ocean reflections 316 Optic diameter 94 Optical breaklock 237 258 276 282 283 313 Optical density 339 340 345 349 350 Optical depth 366—370 406 409—411 416—418 424 427—429 432 435 453 460—461 468 473—474 476 Optical depth, fluctuations 417—423 Optical depth, vertical 427—428 Optical elements, absorption coefficient 330 Optical elements, damage thresholds 331 Optical elements, mechanical fracture 330 Optical elements, scattering and absorption 328—330 Optical gain 353—354 Optical limiters 342—345 351 Optical materials laser damage thresholds 330—334 340 Optical source function 424—425 Optical switches 344—345 Optical switches, insertion loss 345 Optical switches, material damage threshold 345 Optical switches, optical density 345 Optical switches, switching time 345 Optical transfer function 416 Ozone absorption coefficient 34 Paints 170 Paints, absorption coefficient 194—195 Paints, binders 192—193 200 201 Paints, BRDF 179 180 Paints, constituents 191—192 Paints, dyes 193 Paints, flattening agents 193—194 Paints, layered composites 195 Paints, military camouflage 195 197 198 232 Paints, military Federal Standard 595a 23 Paints, military reflectance 23 Paints, opacity 192 Paints, particle size 194—195 Paints, pigments 192—195 196 198 Paints, reflectivity 192—195 Paints, refractive index 192 Paints, transparency 192 Particle settling 405 Particle size distributions 372—380 Particles, nonspherical 407—409 Particles/Particulates see “Aerosols” Path radiance 367 414 417 423—424 427 429 431—432 457—459 470—473 478—479 481—488 Photochromies 202 Photodiodes, avalanche 96 113 Photomultipliers 96 Photon localization 349 Photon-counting detectors 84 Photorefractive effect 348 Photorefractive limiters 348—349 Photorefractive limiters, damage threshold 348 Photorefractive limiters, photorefractive speed 348 Pigments 192—195 196 Pigments, high emissivity 225 Pigments, p-i-n detectors 122—123 Pigments, particle size 194—195 Pigments, silver 200 Pigments, titanium dioxide 192 198 Pigments, titanium trioxide 198 Planck blackbody spectral radiance function 181 272 Planck's law 294 300 302 Plane parallel approximation 427—428 Platinum silicide detectors 164 Plumes see “Aircraft signatures exhaust Point-spread function (PSF) 416 Pointance 301 Pointing and tracking systems 278 Polarization 343 Polarization, laser 25 Polymers 193 200 Polymers, absorption bands 201 Power spectral density 52 54 Preamplifiers, jamming of 268 Probability density functions, Gaussian 57—62 67—68 71 Probability density functions, joint 66 Probability density functions, laser signals 74—79 Probability density functions, laser signals, log-normal 75—76 Probability density functions, laser signals, negative exponential 75 Probability of detection 56—78 see signal” Probability of detection, laser scintillation 74—79 Probability of detection, laser warning receivers 17 124—127 Probability of detection, missile warning systems 15—16 Probability of detection, signal-to-clutter ratio 39 Probability of false alarm 56—78 see signal” Processing truth table 141 Propagation, propagation equations 428—429 Propagation, upward and downward 427 457—458 Proportional navigation 247 Pulse interval modulation 112 Pulse repetition frequency 113 146—147 Pulse visibility factor 63 pulse width 146 Pushbroom scanning 106 Quadrant-detector seekers 256—257 Quadrant-detector seekers, tracking error 256—257 Radar pulsed Doppler 79—80 Radar threats 189 Radiance/radiant intensity 362 365—367 409 423 427—429 459 474 Radiance/radiant intensity, apparent 101 Radiance/radiant intensity, diffuse see “Path radiance” Radiance/radiant intensity, exitance 365 Radiance/radiant intensity, flux 365 426 431 473 Radiance/radiant intensity, spectral 366 Radiative transfer 423—458 Radiative transfer equation 412 423—424 427—430 Radiative transfer tables 433—434 436—452 Radiative transfer, aerosol absorption effects 435 Radiative transfer, azimuth averaging 430—431 Radiative transfer, azimuthal dependence and single scattering 452—453 456 Radiative transfer, diffuse transmission and reflection operators 429 431—432 Radiative transfer, flux integrals 426—427 Radiative transfer, Henyey — Greenstein phase function 429—430 Radiative transfer, optical depth, vertical 427—428 Radiative transfer, optical source function 424—425 Radiative transfer, plane parallel approximation 427 Radiative transfer, propagation equations 428—429 Radiative transfer, radiative transfer equation 423—424 Radiative transfer, radiative transfer tables 433—434 436—451 Radiative transfer, scattering contributions 435 Radiative transfer, surface global irradiance example 453 457 Radiative transfer, surface irradiance 432—433 Radiative transfer, thermal emission 425—426 Radiative transfer, upward and downward propagation 427 457—458 Radiometers 87—88 142 Radiometers, bandpass (tracking) 247 248 Radiometers, calibration 311 Radiometers, circular variable filter 246—247 Radiometers, filter wheel scanning 310 Radiometers, Fourier transform 246—247 310 Radiometers, pyroelectric 310—311 Rain 42 Range equation 87—88 Range estimation 89—91 Range, target 80—81 Rayleigh scattering 34—35 Receivers, constant false alarm rate 71 Receivers, cross-sectional area 94 Receivers, warning see “Strategic warning receivers” “Tactical “Warning Reflectance/reflection 429 431—432 434 436—437 440—441 444—445 448—449 452—458 460 see Reflectance/reflection, background 39—48 Reflectance/reflection, signatures 337—339 Reflectivity 87 176—187 338—339 Reflectivity, and surface roughness 198 Reflectivity, infrared coatings 195—200 Reflectivity, missile 21—24 Reflectivity, of common surfaces 170 Reflectivity, paints 192—195 Reflectivity, solar 189—191 Reflectivity, spectral reflectivity requirements 197 Reflector panel tilt angle 183—185 Relative humidity 466 Resolution 362 414 417 477 Responsivity, detector 64 Reticles 251—254 262—267 Reticles, damage 270 Reticles, modulation function 265—267 Retroreflection 337—339 Rocket engines 99 Rosette-scan seekers 253—255 Rosette-scan seekers, dwell time effects on jamming 268 Rugate filters 346—347 Satellites 12 103—106 109 Satellites, ascending node 104 Satellites, geocentric-equatorial coordinate system 104 Satellites, geostationary orbit 106 107 Satellites, geosynchronous orbit 106 109 Satellites, longitude of the ascending node 104 Satellites, orbital period 105—106 Satellites, orbital velocity 105—106 Satellites, perigee 104 Scanning sensors 251—258 315 see infrared” Scanning sensors, warning systems 63 92—94 Scanning sensors, warning systems, angle-of-arrival determination 90 Scanning sensors, warning systems, image-plane scanning 93 Scanning sensors, warning systems, image-plane scanning, mosaic arrays 93 Scanning sensors, warning systems, object-plane scanning 93 Scanning sensors, warning systems, object-plane scanning, spinball scanner 93 Scanning sensors, warning systems, sensitivity 94—95 Scattering, atmospheric 361—362 368 372 385 393—395 401 407 409—410 423 433—452 457 469 471 476 see “Scintillation” Scattering, atomic 35 Scattering, azimuth dependence and averaging 452—453 Scattering, coefficients 366 372—396 403 Scattering, efficiency 363 381 396 Scattering, forward 362 364 409—423 473 476 485 Scattering, multiple 117 362 367 406—412 417 423 425 433—443 458 460 Scattering, of laser beams 34—35 115—119 127 Scattering, of laser beams, Lambertian scattering 115 Scattering, of laser beams, multiple scattering 117 Scattering, of laser beams, port scatter 116 119 142 Scattering, optical element 328—330 Scattering, optical element, internal 30 Scattering, single 444—452 Scintillation 36—38 73—78 119—120 128—129 142—143 145 Scintillometers 145 screening see “Camouflage suppression and Seduction decoys 289 315 316 Seeker precession rate 261 Seeker scanning and signal processing 251—258 Seeker tracking function 247 Seekers, infrared see also “Missiles infrared” Seekers, infrared, conscan seekers 253—254 Seekers, infrared, detectors 250—251 Seekers, infrared, focal-plane-array seekers 255—256 Seekers, infrared, quadrant-detector seekers 256—257 Seekers, infrared, rosette-scan seekers 253—255 Seekers, infrared, spin-scan seekers 252—253 Self-emissions 171 181 185 197 Self-focusing/defocusing limiters 346—348 Sensor fused weapons 171 Sensor material properties 355 Sensors, susceptibility to laser damage 326—335 Sensors, susceptibility to laser damage, laser hazard analysis 327 Sensors, susceptibility to laser damage, off-axis exposure 335 Sensors, susceptibility to laser damage, on-axis exposure 326—335 Shape tailoring 188—190 Shipborne decoys 315—321 Shipborne decoys, aerodynamically suspended decoys 319—320 Shipborne decoys, dispensers 320—321 Shipborne decoys, dispensers, MK 36 Launching System 318 Shipborne decoys, floating solid fuel decoys 318—319 Shipborne decoys, floating solid fuel decoys, metallic fuels 318 Shipborne decoys, floating solid fuel decoys, Mg/PTFE 318 Shipborne decoys, floating solid fuel decoys, phosphorus combustion fuels 318—319 Shipborne decoys, liquid-fueled decoys 317—318 Shipborne decoys, liquid-fueled decoys, MK 186 "Torch" 317 Shipborne decoys, performance measurement 320 Shipborne decoys, persistence 317 Shipborne decoys, placement 316—317 Shipborne decoys, signatures 316 Shipborne decoys, threat considerations 315—316 SI units 364—365 SI units, non-SI units 374 Signal-to-clutter ratio 39 52 80—81 Signal-to-noise ratio, and probability of detection 58—64 125—127 Signal-to-noise ratio, range equation 87—88 Signal-to-noise ratio, tactical missile targets 31—32 Silicon detectors 164 Single-scattering albedo 403 405—407 416 425 Single-scattering phase function 407 Sky backgrounds 185 Sky backgrounds, emissivity 49—50 Sky backgrounds, spectral radiance 49 Sky backgrounds, temperature 49 Sky radiance 185 Sky temperature, radiometric 87 Sky-to-ground ratio 461 471—474 475 477—478 Smoke see “Obscurants” Snell's law 177 Snow backgrounds, background reflectance 23 40—41 46 48 Soil texture class 380 Soil/rocks backgrounds 43 Soil/rocks backgrounds, reflectance 40—41 Solar flux 103 Solar glare 23 Solar glint 23 82—84 120 127 129 339 Solar heating 171—173 Solar radiation 110 Solar reflections 164 171 189—191 Solar reflections, glare 189—191 Solar reflections, narrow-angle glint 189—191 Solar reflections, pseudo-diffuse condition 189—191 Solar reflections, suppression of 220—221 Solar reflections, wide-angle glint 189—191 Solar shot noise 120—121 Space platforms 103—106 Spatial filtering 54 81 Spatial frequency 475—476 478 489 Spatial modulation 276—277 Spatial modulation, pinwheel radiation pattern 276—277 Spectral discrimination 81 Spectral measurement, laser beam 133—135 Spectral nomenclature 10 Spectrometers 134—135 Spin-scan seekers 252—253 Spin-scan seekers, dwell time effects on jamming 268 Spin-scan seekers, jamming of 258—262 spreadsheets 357 Stabilization 96 Standards, ANSI Z-136.1, Standard, Safe Use of Lasers 325 336 352 353 Standards, military paints 23 Standards, US Army AR40—46 (laser safety) 325 Staring sensors, laser hazard susceptibility analysis 327—328 332 334 Staring sensors, sensor characteristics 329 Staring sensors, tactical warning systems 64 92—93 106 Staring sensors, tactical warning systems, angle-of-arrival determination 90 136—137 Staring sensors, tactical warning systems, sensitivity 94 Stefan — Boltzmann equation 302—303 Step-stare technique 107 Strategic aircraft signatures 100—102 Strategic warning receivers, backgrounds 102—103 Strategic warning receivers, basics 3 12—13 97—98 Strategic warning receivers, design example 107—109 Strategic warning receivers, design options 106—107 Strategic warning receivers, measures of effectiveness 15—16
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