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Accetta J.S. (ed.), Shumaker D.L. (ed.), Campana S.B. (ed.) — The Infrared & Electro-Optical Systems Handbook. Volume 5: Passive Electro-Optical Systems
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Íàçâàíèå: The Infrared & Electro-Optical Systems Handbook. Volume 5: Passive Electro-Optical SystemsÀâòîðû: Accetta J.S. (ed.), Shumaker D.L. (ed.), Campana S.B. (ed.)Àííîòàöèÿ: The Infrared and Electro-Optical Systems Handbook is a joint product of the Infrared Information Analysis Center (IRIA) and the International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE). Sponsored by the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC), this work is an outgrowth of its predecessor, The Infrared Handbook, published in 1978. The circulation of nearly 20,000 copies is adequate testimony to its wide acceptance in the electro-optics and infrared communities. The Infrared Handbook was itself preceded by The Handbook of Military Infrared Technology. Since its original inception, new topics and technologies have emerged for which little or no reference material exists. This work is intended to update and complement the current Infrared Handbook by revision, addition of new materials, and reformatting to increase its utility. Of necessity, some material from the current book was reproduced as is, having been adjudged as being current and adequate. The 45 chapters represent most subject areas of current activity in the military, aerospace, and civilian communities and contain material that has rarely appeared so extensively in the open literature.
ßçûê: Ðóáðèêà: Òåõíîëîãèÿ /Ñòàòóñ ïðåäìåòíîãî óêàçàòåëÿ: Ãîòîâ óêàçàòåëü ñ íîìåðàìè ñòðàíèö ed2k: ed2k stats Ãîä èçäàíèÿ: 1993Êîëè÷åñòâî ñòðàíèö: 362Äîáàâëåíà â êàòàëîã: 02.12.2010Îïåðàöèè: Ïîëîæèòü íà ïîëêó |
Ñêîïèðîâàòü ññûëêó äëÿ ôîðóìà | Ñêîïèðîâàòü ID
Ïðåäìåòíûé óêàçàòåëü
Modulation transfer function 302 Modulation transfer function, aperture 166 Modulation transfer function, FLIR 123—130 153—154 Modulation transfer function, FLIR, design blur MTF 126 Modulation transfer function, FLIR, detector MTF 126—127 128 Modulation transfer function, FLIR, diffraction MTF 124—125 128 Modulation transfer function, FLIR, display 135 Modulation transfer function, FLIR, image formation MTF 124—126 Modulation transfer function, FLIR, lens system MTF 126 138 Modulation transfer function, FLIR, optics MTF 126 Modulation transfer function, FLIR, signal processing MTF 128 Modulation transfer function, FLIR, system MTF 128—130 151 Modulation transfer function, IR line scanner 75—85 86—87 Modulation transfer function, IR line scanner, across-track aperture diffraction 77—78 Modulation transfer function, IR line scanner, across-track MTF analysis 76—84 Modulation transfer function, IR line scanner, along-track MTF analysis 84—85 Modulation transfer function, IR line scanner, aperture diffraction 84—85 Modulation transfer function, IR line scanner, CRT spot size 82—83 Modulation transfer function, IR line scanner, detector as a sampling aperture 79 Modulation transfer function, IR line scanner, detector time constant 80—81 Modulation transfer function, IR line scanner, film magazine servo jitter 85 Modulation transfer function, IR line scanner, misalignment of split field optics 80 Modulation transfer function, IR line scanner, optical aberrations 80 Modulation transfer function, IR line scanner, preamplifier response 81 Modulation transfer function, IR line scanner, random vibrations 80 Modulation transfer function, IR line scanner, receiver 81—82 Modulation transfer function, IR line scanner, recorder lens 83—84 Modulation transfer function, IR line scanner, sinusoidal vibrations 80 Modulation transfer function, IR line scanner, video processor 82 Modulation transfer function, Schottky-barrier FPA 186—189 Modulation transfer function, sensor 302 Modulation transfer function, staring FPA 164 MOSFET switches 89 Motion compensation 219 Mountains, power spectral density 262—263 Multiband processing 315 Multiband processing, band selection 315 Multiplexing 118 198 Multispectral processing 315—316 Multispectral staring sensors 193 199 Narcissus effect 114 Narcissus reduction 14—15 87 National Imagery Interpretability Rating Scale 31—32 Neyman — Pearson criterion 308 Night airglow 250—251 Noise autocorrelation function 130 Noise equivalent aperture 166—168 182 Noise equivalent bandwidth 166—168 176 187 Noise equivalent flux density (NEFD) 299 Noise equivalent irradiance (NEI) 299 Noise equivalent power (NEP) 59 71 131 Noise equivalent radiance (NEN) 40 59—62 70 74 Noise equivalent spread factor 166—168 204 Noise equivalent temperature (NET) 36—37 40 50 59—68 130—138 145 151—152 178—182 Noise equivalent temperature (NET), display 136—137 148 Noise equivalent temperature (NET), single detector NET 130—133 Noise equivalent temperature (NET), spot noise NET 131—132 Noise equivalent temperature (NET), summary noise measure 137—138 145 Noise power spectrum 130 134 Noise power spectrum, displays 134—138 Noise, acoustic 48 Noise, detector 69—70 Noise, electromagnetic 48 Noise, exposure dependence 168 Noise, fixed-pattern 163 165 171 Noise, fixed-pattern, additive 170—173 Noise, fixed-pattern, dark-current fixed-pattern-noise variance density 171 Noise, fixed-pattern, fixed-pattern noise correction 182 Noise, fixed-pattern, fixed-pattern noise uniformity 180 Noise, fixed-pattern, fixed-pattern-noise variance density 170 Noise, fixed-pattern, multiplicative 169—170 172—173 180—181 Noise, FLIR system 130—138 Noise, FLIR system, 1/f 111 141 Noise, FLIR system, correlated 140—141 Noise, FLIR system, fixed-pattern 141 Noise, FLIR system, Johnson 110—111 Noise, measurement and modeling 171—173 Noise, noise bandwidth 69—70 Noise, pixel 179 Noise, sensor design considerations 168 Noise, shot 163 171 Noise, spatial 163 Noise, temporal 163 165 169 171 Noise, temporal, additive temporal 169 173 Noise, temporal, additive-temporal-noise variance density 169 Noise, temporal, quantum 169 172 Noise, temporal, quantum noise factor 169 171 Noise, temporal, quantum-noise variance density 172 182 Noise, total 173 Nonuniformity 172 180—181 Nyquist limit 175 187—188 Oblique viewing 32—34 50 Occultation signal 237—238 Ocean backgrounds, power spectral density 264 Optics collecting area 64 Optics transmission 61 64—66 Ozone 239 250 Parallel FLIRs 122—123 Parseval's theorem 166 Passive location/ranging 336—341 Passive location/ranging, constant-velocity targets 340—341 Passive location/ranging, constant-velocity targets, track error 341 Passive location/ranging, fixed targets 336—339 Passive location/ranging, fixed targets, azimuth-only estimates 338—339 Passive location/ranging, fixed targets, least-squares range estimator 338 Passive location/ranging, fixed targets, line-of-sight statistics 337—338 Passive location/ranging, fixed targets, location geometry 337 Passive location/ranging, fixed targets, track error 339 Passive sensor systems 159 211 216 Performance model, staring FPA 164 Photocapacitors 110 111 118 Photoconductive detectors 41—43 67 88 90—91 Photoconductive detectors, biasing of 90—91 Photoconductive detectors, noise equivalent flux density 301 Photoconductive detectors, responsivity 90—91 Photoconductive gain 70 Photoconductors 110 118 122 Photodiodes 110—111 118 photoelectric effect 110 Photoemitters 160 161 Photographic military reconnaissance 31 Photon absorption 110 Photon counting 134 Photon flux 107 159 Photon-collection efficiency 160 199 Photon-collection efficiency, Schottky-barrier FPAs 162 Photon-collection efficiency, staring vs scanning sensors 177 Photon-to-photon exchange heating effect 110 Photovoltaic detectors 88—89 Photovoltaic detectors, noise equivalent flux density 301 Pixel binning 204 Pixel smear 331 pixels 30 120 Pixels per line (NPIX) 35—36 Pixels, number of 212 Planck radiation law 40 68 105 107 222 Platinum silicide detectors 89 160—161 Platinum silicide detectors, space-surveillance design example (CCD) 199—205 Platinum silicide detectors, tactical IR sensor design example (FPA) 189—191 Plume radiation 222—223 226—228 Plume radiation, afterburning plume 228 Point sources 194—195 Poisson process 253—254 Poisson statistics and background radiance traces 257 Polarization 230—231 317 Polarization processing 309 316—317 Pollution monitoring 44 Postfiltering 139 187 Power spectral density function (PSD) 239 253 Power spectral density function (PSD) of clouds 253—256 Power spectral density function (PSD) of ocean background 258—259 Power spectral density function (PSD) of terrain backgrounds 260—267 Power spectrum 254 Power, total 108 Power-density spectrum 166 Preamplifier response 81 Preamplifiers 118 Prefiltering 139 Producibility, of staring FPAs 160—161 Pushbroom scanners 18—19 Quantum detectors 110—111 112 134 Quantum detectors, FPA performance requirements 181 Quantum detectors, photocapacitors 110 111 Quantum detectors, photoconductors 110 Quantum detectors, photodiodes 110—111 Quantum efficiency 133 134 160—161 Quantum efficiency, Schottky-barrier FPAs 162 199 Radar cross section 231 232 235 Radiance contrast 39 68—69 Radiance contrast, background photon count 69 Radiance derivative 67—68 Radiance, peak 41—43 Radiance, variation in 108 Radiant intensity contrast 237 Radiometers, absolute imaging 9—11 Random noise function 167 Range equation 301 Rate gyro package 49 Ray-trace programs 80 Rayleigh 248 Rayleigh criterion 20 Readout arrays 89 Receivers 81—82 Recognition 26 Recognition range 149—155 185—186 188—189 Recognition range, Johnson criterion 186 188 Recognition range, range-scaling factor 186 Recognition range, recognition criterion 186 Recognition, probability of 28—29 31 Reconnaissance management systems 8 86 Remotely piloted vehicles 15 Resolution elements 108—109 160 Resolution, angular 33—34 35 Resolution, diffraction-limited 20 Resolution, diffraction-limited, for rectangular apertures 20 Resolution, diffraction-limited, for round apertures 20 Resolution, optics 182—183 Responsivity 147 Rocket engines 228 Roll compensation 49—50 Sampling 51 55—56 138—140 175 314 Sampling frequency 139 Satellite systems 218—219 Satellites 17—19 192—193 Satellites, detection 198—199 Scan angle 35 54—55 64 66 Scan angular coverage 53 57 Scan rate 53 63 89 Scanners, image-plane 113 Scanners, infrared line see "Infrared line scanners" Scanners, object-plane 113 Scanning FLIRs 121—123 Scanning FLIRs, parallel 122 Scanning FLIRs, serial 121—122 Scanning sensors vs staring sensors 159—160 Scanning sensors, spectral coverage 159 Scanning, cold focal-plane 114 Scattering, atmospheric 193 Scene motion 139—140 Schottky barrier photodiode 111 Schottky-barrier detectors 160—162 Schottky-barrier detectors, CCD design example 199—205 Schottky-barrier detectors, fabrication 162 Schottky-barrier detectors, FPA design example 186—192 Schottky-barrier detectors, minimum resolvable temperature (MRT) model 176—177 Schottky-barrier detectors, noise 200 Schottky-barrier detectors, signal-transfer efficiency 200 Schottky-barrier detectors, space surveillance sensors 199 Search Box 335 Sensitivity, IRST 298—301 Sensitivity, IRST, background-limited detectivity 300 Sensitivity, IRST, detectivity 300 Sensitivity, IRST, noise equivalent flux density (NEFD) 299 301 Sensitivity, IRST, photon flux 300 Sensitivity, IRST, signal-to-noise ratio 299 Sensor fusion 86 Serial FLIRs 121—122 Ship-based systems 217—218 Shot-noise process 254 Signal processing 212 308—341 Signal processing, FLIR 117—119 Signal processing, FLIR, dc level subtraction 118 Signal processing, FLIR, gain and level correction 118 Signal processing, FLIR, multiplexing 118 Signal processing, FLIR, preamplification 118 Signal processing, FLIR, scan conversion 118 Signal processing, IR line scanners 95—96 Signal processing, IR line scanners, effects on noise bandwidth 69—70 Signal-to-clutter ratio 212 213 253 305 Signal-to-noise ratio, FLIR 131 134 Signal-to-noise ratio, FLIR, display 135 Signal-to-noise ratio, FLIR, response factor 131 Signal-to-noise ratio, FLIR, source term 131 133 Signal-to-noise ratio, image pattern 163 173—177 Signal-to-noise ratio, image pattern, aperiodic bar patterns 173—174 Signal-to-noise ratio, image pattern, minimum resolvable temperature (MRT) 174—177 Signal-to-noise ratio, image pattern, periodic bar patterns 175 Signal-to-noise ratio, image pattern, sine-wave response 175 Signal-to-noise ratio, image pattern, square-wave response 175 Signal-to-noise ratio, IR line scanner 37—38 Signal-to-noise ratio, IRST 299 306 Silicon detectors 17 Sine-wave response 175 Sky and cloud radiance 242—243 Sky, power spectral density 263 Sky, spectral radiance 239—242 Skyshine 214 220—221 Slant range 33 35 Smearing 139 Snow, power spectral density 261 Solar reflection 194—195 204 214 220—221 232 235—238 Solar reflection, LOWTRAN solar radiation values 235 Solar scattering 236 239—241 257 Space environment IR radiation 194—197 Space-based surveillance sensors 163 195—205 see space Spatial differencing 333—334 Spatial filtering 333 Spatial frequency 30 76 109 Spatial frequency, reference 128 Spatial processing 309—311 Spatial processing, adaptive processor 311 Spatial processing, spatial filtering 310—311 Spatial processing, thresholding 311 Spatial processing, track-file processing 311 Spatial resolution, IR line scanners 25—36 Spatial resolution, IR line scanners, constant footprint processing 34—36 Spatial resolution, IR line scanners, National Imagery Interpretability Rating Scale 31—32 Spatial resolution, IR line scanners, oblique viewing 32—34 Spatial resolution, IR line scanners, probability of detection (recognition, identification) 28—31 Spatial-temporal processing 311—314 Spatial-temporal processing, frame differencing 311—312 Spatial-temporal processing, gradient estimation method 313 Spatial-temporal processing, image registration algorithms 313 Spatial-temporal processing, image-to-image correlation 312 Spatial-temporal processing, moving target indicator algorithms 313 Spatial-temporal processing, velocity filtering 312 Speckle 230 Spectral band selection 41—43 213 217 218 Spectral radiant exitance 221 Spectrometers, airglow spectra 251
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