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Accetta J.S. (ed.), Shumaker D.L. (ed.), Campana S.B. (ed.) — The Infrared & Electro-Optical Systems Handbook. Volume 5: Passive Electro-Optical Systems
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Íàçâàíèå: The Infrared & Electro-Optical Systems Handbook. Volume 5: Passive Electro-Optical Systems
Àâòîðû: Accetta J.S. (ed.), Shumaker D.L. (ed.), Campana S.B. (ed.)
Àííîòàöèÿ: The Infrared and Electro-Optical Systems Handbook is a joint product of the Infrared Information Analysis Center (IRIA) and the International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE). Sponsored by the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC), this work is an outgrowth of its predecessor, The Infrared Handbook, published in 1978. The circulation of nearly 20,000 copies is adequate testimony to its wide acceptance in the electro-optics and infrared communities. The Infrared Handbook was itself preceded by The Handbook of Military Infrared Technology. Since its original inception, new topics and technologies have emerged for which little or no reference material exists. This work is intended to update and complement the current Infrared Handbook by revision, addition of new materials, and reformatting to increase its utility. Of necessity, some material from the current book was reproduced as is, having been adjudged as being current and adequate. The 45 chapters represent most subject areas of current activity in the military, aerospace, and civilian communities and contain material that has rarely appeared so extensively in the open literature.
Volume 5, edited by Stephen Campana of the Naval Air Warfare Center, treats contemporary infrared passive systems such as FLIRs, IRSTs, IR line scanners, and staring array configurations.
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Ãîä èçäàíèÿ: 1993
Êîëè÷åñòâî ñòðàíèö: 362
Äîáàâëåíà â êàòàëîã: 02.12.2010
Îïåðàöèè: Ïîëîæèòü íà ïîëêó |
Ñêîïèðîâàòü ññûëêó äëÿ ôîðóìà | Ñêîïèðîâàòü ID
Ïðåäìåòíûé óêàçàòåëü
Eye, MTF 148
Eye, resolution 119
Eye, response 86—87
Eye, signal-to-noise ratio 147
f/# 116—117
f/#, line scanner 21—22
f/#, relation to relative aperture 152
False-alarm penalty 323—324
False-alarm rate 253 306—307 325—327
False-alarm rate, constant false-alarm rate 311
Farm and field terrain, power spectral density 262
Fascode 269 286
Ferroelectrics 111 112
Field of regard 292—293
Field of view 108—109 185 204 212
fill factor 165
Film imagery 28—30 37—39
Film imagery and minimum resolvable temperature difference 37
Film imagery, temperature control 48
Film magazine servo jitter 85
Film recorders 34 49
Film, archival film 95
Film, density 41
Film, dry silver 58
Film, dynamic range 71
Film, minimum resolvable temperature difference 86—87
Film, modulation transfer function 76 84
Film, on-board thermal development of 95
Film, overlap writing 87
Film, wet processed 57—58
Filter transfer function 304
Filters, double-gated 311
Filters, electrical 302—303 308 310
Filters, high-pass 308 316
Filters, linear matched 310
Filters, LMS 310
Filters, recursive 308
Filters, spatial 310 330—331
Filters, sub-median 310
Fixed-threshold processors 322—324
Focal plane arrays see "Arrays focal-plane" "Staring
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors 15—17 27 37 100 103—155
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors vs infrared search and track systems 212
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors vs visible imaging systems 109
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, common module 108—109 118 119
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, design requirements 147
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, detector arrays 112
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, display 119—120
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, example calculations 152—155
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, field performance 148—152
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, historical development 108
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, human operator interface 142—146
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, human operator interface, minimum resolvable temperature (MRT) 143—146
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, image formation 112—117
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, image quality 147—148
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, infrared detection 110
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, minimum resolvable temperature difference 85—87
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, performance 123—146
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, performance perturbations 138—142
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, performance perturbations, correlated noise 140—141
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, performance perturbations, dynamic range 141—142
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, performance perturbations, sampling 138—138
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, performance perturbations, scene motion 139—140
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, quantum detectors 110—111
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, resolution 123—130
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, resolution, detector MTF 126—127
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, resolution, image formation MTF 124—126
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, resolution, signal processing/display effects 128
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, resolution, system MTF 128—130
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, sensitivity 130—138
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, sensitivity, display noise power spectrum 134—138
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, sensitivity, generalized sensitivity analysis 133—134
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, sensitivity, photon counters 134
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, sensitivity, single-detector NET 128—133
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, signal processing 117—119
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, square-law detectors 111—112
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, symbols, nomenclature, and units 106—107
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, system diagram 109
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, thermal imaging fundamentals 107—109
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, types of FLIR systems 120—123
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, types of FLIR systems, parallel 122—123
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, types of FLIR systems, serial 121—122
Forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, types of FLIR systems, staring 121
Fourier transform pairs, rectangular aperture functions 167
Fourier transforms 254 257
Frame differencing 311—312 314
Frame time 144 212 292 297
Fresnel equations 317
Gain and level control 142 147
Gallium arsenide 113
Gallium arsenide detectors 160
Gaussian statistics and background radiance traces 257
Geophysics Directorate 269
Germanium 113
Germanium (doped) detectors 88
Germanium silicide heterojunction detectors 160—161 162 199
Getter design 94
Graybody approximations 222
Ground-based sensor systems 195 215—217
Helicopters 219
HICAMP II sensor 260—267
HICAMP II sensor, MTF of 260
Histogram modification 142
HITRAN 269 286—287
Human operator 142—146
Human operator, minimum resolvable temperature (MRT) 143
Human operator, model 142
Humidity 239—241
Hump 114—115
Hurter & Driffield curve 41 71
Identification 26
Identification, probability of 29—30
Idso — Jackson relation 242
Image contrast 163 166 180
Image formation, FLIR 112—117
Image formation, FLIR, afocal telescope/IR imager schematic 114 117
Image formation, FLIR, instantaneous field of view 116
Image formation, FLIR, optical scanning subsystem 113
Image formation, FLIR, power 116—117
Image formation, FLIR, transmission 115
Image quality 8 86 147—148 152
Image registration 313
image resolution 123—130
Image resolution, impulse response function 123—124
Image resolution, modulation transfer functions 123—130
Image resolution, resolution area 124
Imagery stabilization 48—49
Independent resolution elements 293 296
Index of refraction structure parameter ( ) 287—288
Index of refraction structure parameter ( ), altitude dependence 287
Index of refraction, atmospheric 287
Indium antimonide detectors 41 88 160—161 199
Indium antimonide detectors, detectivity 67
Inertial drift 47
Inertial navigation system 49 50
Infrared line scanners 1—101
Infrared line scanners, airborne reconnaissance 3 7—9
Infrared line scanners, biasing of photoconductors 90—91
Infrared line scanners, cold-shield design 92—93
Infrared line scanners, cryogenic cooling 94
Infrared line scanners, definition of 3
Infrared line scanners, detector/dewar assembly 93—94
Infrared line scanners, detectors 88—89
Infrared line scanners, dewars 89—90
Infrared line scanners, fundamental scanning relations 8—9
Infrared line scanners, fundamental scanning relations, electrical signal bandwidth 9
Infrared line scanners, fundamental scanning relations, scan rate 8—9
Infrared line scanners, fundamental scanning relations, spin mirror rotation rate 9
Infrared line scanners, fundamental scanning relations, velocity-to-height ratio 8—9
Infrared line scanners, future trends 98—100
Infrared line scanners, imaging from spacecraft 17—19
Infrared line scanners, imaging from spacecraft, multispectral scanners 19
Infrared line scanners, modulation transfer function 75—85
Infrared line scanners, objective minimum resolvable temperature difference 85—88
Infrared line scanners, scan pattern 8
Infrared line scanners, scanner design 8—9 20—22
Infrared line scanners, scanner design, cold-spike analysis 22
Infrared line scanners, scanner design, detector size 21—22
Infrared line scanners, scanner design, diffraction-limited resolution 20
Infrared line scanners, scanner design, f/# 21—22
Infrared line scanners, scanner design, focus 33
Infrared line scanners, scanner design, ray tracing 22
Infrared line scanners, signal processing/image preparation 95—97
Infrared line scanners, symbols, nomenclature, and units 4—7
Infrared line scanners, system lifetime 97—98
Infrared line scanners, system relationships 59—75
Infrared line scanners, system relationships, dynamic range 70—72 73—74
Infrared line scanners, system relationships, filtering effects of signal processing and displays 74—75
Infrared line scanners, system relationships, noise equivalent radiance 59—62
Infrared line scanners, system relationships, noise equivalent temperature difference 59—68
Infrared line scanners, system relationships, radiance contrast 68—69
Infrared line scanners, system relationships, signal compression 72—73
Infrared line scanners, system relationships, signal processing effects on noise bandwidth 69—70
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis 22—59
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis, acoustic noise 48
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis, band selection 41—43
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis, coverage vs altitude 24 27
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis, defocus effect 52—56
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis, detector options 41—43
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis, documentation 58—59
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis, electrical power 48
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis, electromagnetic noise 48
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis, imagery stabilization 48—49
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis, installation requirements 45
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis, line replaceable units 45
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis, mission types 23
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis, mounting design 47
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis, number of parallel channels 24—25
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis, reliability 57—58
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis, roll compensation 49—50
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis, scan field of view 24
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis, scan rate 24—25
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis, spatial resolution 25—36
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis, Statement of Need 23
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis, target temperature contrast 39—41
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis, temperature control 47—48
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis, thermal resolution 36—39
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis, time delay integration 56—57
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis, vehicle installation 43—44
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis, velocity-to-height compensation 50
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis, velocity-to-height ratio range 24—25
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis, velocity-to-responsivity compensation 50—51
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis, vibration/shock isolation 46—47
Infrared line scanners, system requirements analysis, windows 45—46
Infrared line scanners, types 9—19
Infrared line scanners, types, axehead scanners 9—12
Infrared line scanners, types, conical scanners 17—19
Infrared line scanners, types, pushbroom scanners 18—19
Infrared line scanners, types, split-aperture scanner/FLIR 15—17
Infrared line scanners, types, split-aperture scanners 12—18
Infrared search and track (IRST) 209—344
Infrared search and track (IRST), applications 214
Infrared search and track (IRST), applications, airborne surveillance 214—215
Infrared search and track (IRST), applications, low-altitude air-defense ground-based systems 215—217
Infrared search and track (IRST), applications, low-altitude air-defense ship-based systems 217—218
Infrared search and track (IRST), applications, satellite-based systems 218—219
Infrared search and track (IRST), atmospheric phenomenology 269—291
Infrared search and track (IRST), backgrounds phenomenology 238—269
Infrared search and track (IRST), definition 211—212
Infrared search and track (IRST), IRST vs FLIR 212
Infrared search and track (IRST), IRST vs FLIR, field of view 212
Infrared search and track (IRST), IRST vs FLIR, frame time 212
Infrared search and track (IRST), IRST vs FLIR, pixels, number of 212
Infrared search and track (IRST), IRST vs FLIR, signal processing 212
Infrared search and track (IRST), operational systems 341—343
Infrared search and track (IRST), operational systems, air surveillance 341—342
Infrared search and track (IRST), operational systems, shipboard systems 342—343
Infrared search and track (IRST), passive location/ranging 336—341
Infrared search and track (IRST), performance analysis 290—307
Infrared search and track (IRST), performance analysis, angular resolution/aperture 297—298
Infrared search and track (IRST), performance analysis, bandwidth 296—297
Infrared search and track (IRST), performance analysis, clutter noise 302—305
Infrared search and track (IRST), performance analysis, probability of detection/false alarm rate 306—307
Infrared search and track (IRST), performance analysis, range equation 301
Infrared search and track (IRST), performance analysis, search volume 294—296
Infrared search and track (IRST), performance analysis, sensor search geometry 292—294
Infrared search and track (IRST), performance analysis, signal-to-clutter ratio 305
Infrared search and track (IRST), performance analysis, starer vs scanner clutter performance 305—306
Infrared search and track (IRST), performance analysis, system sensitivity 298—301
Infrared search and track (IRST), signal processing 308—341
Infrared search and track (IRST), signal processing, algorithms 308—317
Infrared search and track (IRST), signal processing, discrimination 328—334
Infrared search and track (IRST), signal processing, threshold receivers: detection 317—328
Infrared search and track (IRST), signal processing, tracking algorithms 334—335
Infrared search and track (IRST), system characteristics 212—214
Infrared search and track (IRST), system characteristics, signal processing 213
Infrared search and track (IRST), system characteristics, spectral band selection 213
Infrared search and track (IRST), system characteristics, system components 212—213
Infrared search and track (IRST), system characteristics, target signatures 214
Infrared search and track (IRST), system characteristics, telescope 213
Infrared search and track (IRST), target signature phenomenology 219—239
Infrared Sliderule 224—225
Instantaneous field of view (IFOV) 3 7 30 32—33 51 54 63 116 132 292
Intensifier tubes 163
Iridium silicide Schottky-barrier detectors 160—161 199
Irtran 113
Jet engine signatures 222—226
Jet engine signatures, cowling 222—223
Jet engine signatures, engine data 225
Jet engine signatures, exhaust gas temperature 222—223
Jet engine signatures, exhaust nozzle component 222—224
Jet engine signatures, plume 222—223
Jitter 287 290 304
Johnson criterion 186 188
Kirchhoff relation 317
Kovar glass-to-metal seals 90
Laminar flow fields 287
Lens, recorder 83—84
Level slicing 142
Level-crossing statistics 317 319
light-emitting diodes 118
Line-of-sight statistics 337—338
LOWTRAN 185 195 234 235 269—270 287
LOWTRAN, IRST extinction calculations 271—287
LOWTRAN, PCTRAN 235
Lunar reflection 232
Magnetic tape 58
Map matching 86
Materials, composite 98
Materials, IR 113
Mean crossing rate 319—320
Mercury cadmium telluride detectors 17 42—43 88 91 160—161 199
Mercury cadmium telluride detectors, detectivity 67
Mercury cadmium telluride detectors, stoichiometric ratio 42
Microphonics 89 94
Mil-Std-1553 Bus 49 50
Minimum detectable temperature difference (MDTD) 36—37 41 174—175
Minimum resolvable temperature (MRT) 36—37 50 143—146 149—150 154 176—177 185—186
Minimum resolvable temperature (MRT), NVEOD static performance model 176—177
Minimum resolvable temperature (MRT), objective MRTD 85—88
Minimum resolvable temperature (MRT), Q factor 145—146
Minimum resolvable temperature (MRT), Schottky-barrier FPA example 176—177
Minimum resolvable temperature (MRT), subjective MRTD 85
Mirrors, materials 98
Mirrors, parabolic 13—15 21 63 92
Mirrors, scan 8 15
Mirrors, spin 9 11—15 64—65
Missiles 219
MODTRAN 269 286
Modulation 75
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