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Accetta J.S. (ed.), Shumaker D.L. (ed.), Campana S.B. (ed.) — The Infrared & Electro-Optical Systems Handbook. Volume 5: Passive Electro-Optical Systems
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Íàçâàíèå: The Infrared & Electro-Optical Systems Handbook. Volume 5: Passive Electro-Optical SystemsÀâòîðû: Accetta J.S. (ed.), Shumaker D.L. (ed.), Campana S.B. (ed.)Àííîòàöèÿ: The Infrared and Electro-Optical Systems Handbook is a joint product of the Infrared Information Analysis Center (IRIA) and the International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE). Sponsored by the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC), this work is an outgrowth of its predecessor, The Infrared Handbook, published in 1978. The circulation of nearly 20,000 copies is adequate testimony to its wide acceptance in the electro-optics and infrared communities. The Infrared Handbook was itself preceded by The Handbook of Military Infrared Technology. Since its original inception, new topics and technologies have emerged for which little or no reference material exists. This work is intended to update and complement the current Infrared Handbook by revision, addition of new materials, and reformatting to increase its utility. Of necessity, some material from the current book was reproduced as is, having been adjudged as being current and adequate. The 45 chapters represent most subject areas of current activity in the military, aerospace, and civilian communities and contain material that has rarely appeared so extensively in the open literature.
ßçûê: Ðóáðèêà: Òåõíîëîãèÿ /Ñòàòóñ ïðåäìåòíîãî óêàçàòåëÿ: Ãîòîâ óêàçàòåëü ñ íîìåðàìè ñòðàíèö ed2k: ed2k stats Ãîä èçäàíèÿ: 1993Êîëè÷åñòâî ñòðàíèö: 362Äîáàâëåíà â êàòàëîã: 02.12.2010Îïåðàöèè: Ïîëîæèòü íà ïîëêó |
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see "Index of refraction structure parameter" 260 3- to 5- 41—43 105 211 213 3- to 5- 160—161 3- to 5- 129 3- to 5- 277—280 3- to 5- 274—277 283—285 3- to 5- 271—273 281 284 3- to 5- 315—316 3- to 5- 152 180 3- to 5- 183 3- to 5- 177 3- to 5- 237 3- to 5- 194—197 3- to 5- 204—205 3- to 5- 177—178 3- to 5- 162 3- to 5- 261—267 8- to 14- 41—43 105 108 109 211 213 228 8- to 14- 129 8- to 14- 277—280 8- to 14- 274—277 283—285 8- to 14- 271—273 281 284 8- to 14- 315—316 8- to 14- 152 180 8- to 14- 183 8- to 14- 177 8- to 14- 237 8- to 14- 194—197 8- to 14- 177—178 8- to 14- 162 8- to 14- 261—267 Aberrations, optical 80 89 Aberrations, optical, coma 89 Aberrations, optical, spherical 18 Absorption notches 42 Absorption, atmospheric 252 Across-track scan axis 3 Adaptive-threshold processors 311 319—324 326 Adaptive-threshold processors vs fixed-threshold processors 323—324 Adhesive bonding 98 Aero-optical effects 287 289—291 Aero-optical effects, optical aberrations 290 Aero-optical effects, tracking error 289 Aerodynamic effects 44 287 Aerodynamic heating 220—221 228—230 290 Aerodynamic heating, skin temperature 229 Aeromechanical effects 289—290 Aeromechanical effects, gimbal jitter 290 Aerospace Ground Equipment Requirements Document (AGERD) 58 Airborne reconnaissance 3 7—9 23 24 26 98 Airborne reconnaissance, aircraft stabilization 48 Airborne reconnaissance, pushbroom scanners 18 Airborne reconnaissance, reconnaissance management systems 8 86 Airborne reconnaissance, terrain effects on low-level missions 24 27 Airborne surveillance 214 Aircraft hot-part emission 214 220—221 Aircraft plume emission 214 220—221 Aliasing 139 175 187—188 Alignment 80 Along-track scan axis 3 Amplifiers, dynamic range 141 Amplifiers, transimpedance 118 Angle rate 205 Angular coverage rate 294 Angular resolution 297 Aperture-response function 163 164 166—167 Apertures, circular, transfer function 304 Apertures, diameter 182—183 Apertures, IR optics 151 155 Apertures, rectangular 20 21 Apertures, relative 151—153 Apertures, round 20 Apertures, sampling 79 Apertures, shape 168 Apertures, size 297—298 Arrays, focal-plane 42 79 92 Arrays, mosaic 159 197 199 Arrays, photovoltaic 88—89 Arrays, readout 89 Arrays, scanning focal-plane 112 292 Arrays, scanning focal-plane, clutter rejection 303—306 Arrays, scanning focal-plane, dwell time 296 Arrays, scanning focal-plane, forward-looking scanning system 294 Arrays, scanning focal-plane, look-down scanning system 295 Arrays, staring 111—112 Arrays, staring focal-plane 159—205 217 218 293 Arrays, staring focal-plane, clutter rejection 303—306 Arrays, staring focal-plane, dwell time 297 Arrays, staring focal-plane, look-ahead staring system 294 Arrays, staring focal-plane, look-down staring system 295 Arrays, staring focal-plane, pushbroom configuration 294 296 Arrays, staring focal-plane, step-stare 293 Aspect angle 216 Atmospheric extinction 269—287 Atmospheric extinction coefficient 149 151 Atmospheric extinction, LOWTRAN IRST extinction calculations 271—287 Atmospheric path radiance 195—196 Atmospheric propagation codes see "FASCODE" "HITRAN" "LOWTRAN" "MODTRAN" Atmospheric radiance, IRST spectral radiance data 274—277 283—285 Atmospheric radiation 287 Atmospheric scattered path radiance 278—280 Atmospheric transmission 40 41—43 61—62 66 185 186 195 269 Atmospheric transmission, computer codes 43 66 Atmospheric transmission, IRST spectral transmittance data 271—273 281 284 Aurora 248—250 Autocorrelation function 166 Autocovariance function 254 257 Automated target recognition 212 217 Automatic guidance and homing 15 Automatic low frequency gain limiting 73 Automatic target cueing 97—100 Axehead scanners 9—12 Axehead scanners, absolute imaging radiometer 9—11 Axehead scanners, constant ground footprint 12 Axehead scanners, image rotation distortion 12 Axehead scanners, single-facet design 9 11—12 Axehead scanners, spin mirror types 11 Background flux 92 Background-limited intrinsic photodetector (BLIP) 134 Background-limited intrinsic photodetector (BLIP), detectivity 133 134 Background-limited performance 298 Backgrounds 238—269 Backgrounds, atmospheric emission 239—240 Backgrounds, aurora 248—250 Backgrounds, background fluctuations 252—253 Backgrounds, background fluctuations, nonstationary backgrounds 252—253 Backgrounds, background fluctuations, stationary backgrounds 253 Backgrounds, cloud radiance 242—243 Backgrounds, cloud-cover transmittance 267—269 Backgrounds, clouds, PSD of 253—256 259 Backgrounds, earth surface radiation 244—247 Backgrounds, ground-level thermal irradiance of the sky 242—244 Backgrounds, night airglow 250—251 Backgrounds, sky spectral radiance 239—242 Backgrounds, spatial structure 257—259 Backgrounds, sun 251—252 Backgrounds, terrain, PSD of 260—267 Backgrounds, thermal emission 239 Band selection 315 Bandwidth 296 Bandwidth, reference 132—133 Bar targets 30 37 87 142 163 Bar targets, aperiodic 173—174 Bar targets, aperiodic, minimum detectable temperature (MDT) 174—175 Bar targets, periodic 175 188 Bar targets, periodic, minimum resolvable temperature (MRT) 176—177 Bar targets, periodic, sine-wave response 175 Bar targets, periodic, square-wave response 175 Beer's law 269 Biasing 90—91 Bidirectional reflectance 229—232 Bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) 230—231 Blackbodies 239—241 Blackbodies, difference-temperature contrast 180 Blackbodies, differential contrast 179 Blackbodies, photon flux radiance 178 Boresight specifications 47 Cameras, TV 118 Carbon dioxide, absorption bands 239 Carbon dioxide, emission band 226—227 Carbon monoxide 226 Cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays 28 34 95 119 Cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays and modulation transfer function 76 82—83 Cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays, dynamic range 71 Cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays, filtering 74—75 Chalcogenide glasses 113 Charge storage capacity 180 Charge-coupled devices 89 111 160 Charge-coupled devices, IR 199 Charge-coupled devices, platinum silicide design example 199—205 Charge-coupled devices, UV 162 Charge-coupled devices, visible 161—162 163 199 Charge-injection devices 89 Chip (clip) 90 Classification 25—26 Clouds, altostratus clouds 267 Clouds, cirrus clouds 268 Clouds, clutter noise 305 Clouds, power spectral density 253—256 259 265—266 Clouds, radiance 242—243 Clouds, radiance trace waveforms 253—256 Clouds, scene dynamics 314 Clouds, transmittance 267—269 Clutter noise 214 218—219 238 302—306 308—310 Clutter rejection/suppression 218 302 308—310 317 Clutter sniffer 311 Coatings and transmission 65 Coatings, antireflection 44 46 90 Cold finger 110 Cold shields 60—61 90 113 Cold shields, design of 92—93 Cold shields, efficiency 115 Cold shields, equivalent f/# 136 Cold spike 114 Cold spike, analysis 22 Color ratio 328—330 Communication, Command, and Control stations 32 Constant false-alarm-rate receivers 325—327 Constant footprint processing 34—36 51 Contrast signature, aircraft 238—239 Contrast, blackbody differential 179 Contrast, differential-temperature 166 Contrast, radiance 178 181 Cosine 51 53 Cryogenic refrigerators 89—90 94 110 198 Cryogenic refrigerators, Gifford — McMahon 94 Cryogenic refrigerators, integral Stirling 94 Cryogenic refrigerators, split-Stirling 89 94 199 Cryogenic refrigerators, Vuilleumier 94 Cutoff frequency 76 77 Dark current 170—171 198 Dark current, Schottky-barrier 199 Data compression 86 96—97 Data compression, analog signal 72—73 Data compression, methods of 97 Data compression, predictive coding 97 Data links 8 58 84 86 95 96 Defocus effect 34 51 52—56 89 Defocus effect, estimating 53 Densitometry 41 Deserts, power spectral density 263 Detect-before-track algorithms 309 Detection 25 Detection, background structure limited 308 Detection, false alarm rate 306—307 308 317—318 Detection, probability of 28—30 253 306—307 308 317 Detectivity 59—62 66—67 131 300 Detectivity and noise equivalent radiance 61—62 Detectivity and noise equivalent temperature difference 66—67 Detectivity, background-limited 93 Detectivity, blackbody 60 132 Detectivity, BLIP 133 300 Detectivity, D-double-star 60 Detectivity, serial detectors 134 Detector efficiency 134 Detector noise term 62—63 Detector size 298 Detector time constant 80—81 Detector uniformity 313—314 Detector-noise limited systems 69 Dewars 89—90 110 Dewars, detector/dewar assembly tests 93—94 Dewars, windows 90 Difference signal 178 Differencing filters 331—333 Diffraction cutoff frequency 125 Diffraction MTF 77—79 Diffraction pattern 124 Diffraction, aperture 84—85 Diffraction, boundary-wave 77 Diffraction-limited optics 109 Digital tape recorders, high-density 95 Discrimination 308 328—334 Discrimination, motion discrimination 331 Discrimination, motion discrimination, differencing filters 331—333 Discrimination, motion discrimination, multiple-stage transversal filtering 331 Discrimination, spatial differencing 333—334 Discrimination, spatial discrimination 330 Discrimination, spatial filtering 333 Discrimination, spectral discrimination 328—330 Discrimination, spectral discrimination, color ratio 328—330 Discrimination, spectral discrimination, spectral contrast signatures 329 Discrimination, temporal discrimination 331 Displayed mean-square variance 137 displays 99 119—120 see Displays, aspect ratio 120 Displays, dynamic range 141 Displays, frame rates 120 Displays, noise power spectrum 134—138 Displays, signal-to-noise ratio 135 148 Displays, TV 120 Dust 43 Dwell time 132 296—297 Dynamic range 70—74 141—142 Dynamic range, enhancement 142 Dynamic range, staring sensor 178—182 Earth radiation 242—247 Earth radiation vs sky radiance 244 Earth radiation vs solar zenith angles 246 Earth radiation, bodies of water 247 Earth radiation, diurnal variation 244—245 Earth radiation, natural background materials 247 Earth radiation, seasonal variation 244—245 Earth radiation, urban areas 245 Earth-limb 196—197 Earthshine 193—195 204 214 220—221 232—234 238 Earthshine, calculating 233 Earthshine, emissivity 234 Earthshine, reflectivity 234 Emissivity 39 107 133 165 Equivalent noise bandwidth 63 Evaporated leads 90 Exposure 164 Exposure and noise classification 168 Exposure, dark-current 170—171 Exposure, electron-density 165—166 Exposure, pixel 166 182 Extrinsic silicon 160 Eye, integration time 144 165
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