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Bashe C.J., Johnson L.R., Pugh E.W. — IBM's Early Computers
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Íàçâàíèå: IBM's Early ComputersÀâòîðû: Bashe C.J., Johnson L.R., Pugh E.W.Àííîòàöèÿ: In describing the technical experiences of one company from the beginning of the computer era, this book unfolds the challenges that IBM's research and development laboratories faced, the technological paths they chose, and how these choices affected the company and the computer industry. It chronicles the transformation of IBM into a computer company in a remarkably few years, discussing projects that ended in frustration as well as the more successful ones, and providing a sense of the atmosphere, the people, and the decision-making processes involved during the company's rapid technological transformation. IBM's Early Computers is a unique contribution to the modern history of computers. It focuses on engineering alternatives rather than business and general management considerations and reveals the significance of imaginative solutions to problems in design and technology, from initial experiments with electronics in digital machines to the threshold of the System 360 era. This fair and balanced account of IBM's role in shaping today's electronic revolution identifies the individuals (both inside and outside the company) whose pioneering work influenced developments at IBM. The book's fourteen chapters briefly survey the card machine era and then cover electronic calculation, the magnetic drum calculator, the Defense Calculator and other first-generation products, ferrite core memories, magnetic tape, and disk storage development, programming, transistors, "Project Stretch" (which involved disappointments but led to one of IBM's greatest successes) high-speed printers, research, and new-product-line considerations. Charles J. Bashe, Lyle R. Johnson, John H. Palmer, and Emerson W Pugh are senior members of the staff at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center, each with many years of technical and managerial experience in the developments they describe. IBM's Early Computers is included in the History of Computing Series, edited by I. Bernard Cohen and William Aspray.
ßçûê: Ðóáðèêà: Òåõíîëîãèÿ /Ñòàòóñ ïðåäìåòíîãî óêàçàòåëÿ: Ãîòîâ óêàçàòåëü ñ íîìåðàìè ñòðàíèö ed2k: ed2k stats Ãîä èçäàíèÿ: 1986Êîëè÷åñòâî ñòðàíèö: 716Äîáàâëåíà â êàòàëîã: 11.04.2010Îïåðàöèè: Ïîëîæèòü íà ïîëêó |
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Ïðåäìåòíûé óêàçàòåëü
Ramshaw, Walter A. 336 342 Rand Corporation 131 246 255—256 349 430 628n53 Raytheon Manufacturing Company 103 195 RCA 269 270 475 488 583 623n31 Record addressing 288—295 298—299 648n61 Red Oaks Mill location 346 Reich, Herbert J. 37 Relay calculators of IBM 26—27 32 45 69 Relays, wire contact 18 29 34 51 Remington Rand Inc. 409 electronic calculator 99 Remington Rand Inc., acquisition of Eckert — Mauchly Computer Corporation 129 130 574 Remington Rand Inc., acquisition of Engineering Research Associates, Inc. 575 617n10 Remington Rand Inc., acquisition of Powers Accounting Machine Company 12 Remington Rand Inc., early UNIVAC installations 174 339 575 Remington Rand Inc., ERA 1103 computer 162 246 248 Remington Rand Inc., ferrite-core memory 239 246 248 253 Remington Rand Inc., file computer 297 Remington Rand Inc., magnetic logic 540—541 Remington Rand Inc., merger with Sperry Corporation 428 Remington Rand Inc., revolver patent 166—167 Removable disk pack 305 312—314 573 Reproducer 14 Research 523—570 Research Center, Thomas J. Watson 556 561—563 Research vs. development 532 544—550 Research, annual planning conferences 549—550 551 Research, basic research emphasis 531—532 535—536 545 550—551 553—554 Research, evaluation of 567 570 Research, Fox Hill study 544—545 Research, in Poughkeepsie 536—548 Research, in San Jose 301 305 553—555 Research, in Zuerich 550—552 Research, management philosophies on 527 536 545 Research, missions of 524—525 527 530—531 536 549 566 Research, move to Yorktown 437 555—563 Research, organization and management 526—527 541—544 546—547 549 686n79 Research, Ph.D.s in IBM 525 559 Research, selection of new projects 567—568 Research, Watson Laboratory 527—536 Research, Watson, Sr.’s, views on 523—524 527 Revolver in drum storage 82 100 165—167 621n79 Reynolds, A.C. 690n154 Rhodes, William H. 642n90 Richards, Richard K. 675n18 Roberts, Gordon A. 73—74 108 121 129 135 146 174 176 193—194 Rochester, Nathaniel, assembly program 325 328 331 332 351 Rochester, Nathaniel, automation research 547—548 Rochester, Nathaniel, character recognition 496 678n96 Rochester, Nathaniel, Defense Calculator planning 134 136—138 140 142—143 144 158 159 604 Rochester, Nathaniel, EDPM manager 417 Rochester, Nathaniel, flowcharting 327—328 Rochester, Nathaniel, joins IBM 108 Rochester, Nathaniel, memorized logic 509 Rochester, Nathaniel, on checking circuits 128 Rochester, Nathaniel, research responsibilities 547 558 686n79 688n122 Rochester, Nathaniel, Test Assembly 110 111 113—114 Rochester, Nathaniel, Test Assembly subroutine loader 322—323 325 328 330 Rochester, Nathaniel, TPM 116—117 122—123 128 130—131 Rochester, Nathaniel, Wheeler calling sequence 323 324 652n17 Rockefeller, Nelson A. 563 Rohland, William S. 679n104 Rosen, Saul 220 Rosenheim, Donald E. 683n30 Ross, Harold D., Jr. 147 Roth, J. Paul 688n124 Rowley, Russell A. 613n38 675n35 RPG (Report Program Generator) 479—480 Russell, Louis A. 642n90 Rutz, Richard F. 388—390 391—393 394 539 Saarinen, Eero 456 561 562 SABRE system for American Airlines 310 516—522 554 557—558 573 SAGE 240—248 262—263 264 419 423 573 Sampling oscilloscope 551—552 Samuel, Arthur L., checkers playing machines 559 Samuel, Arthur L., consultant on research 547 Samuel, Arthur L., ferrite-core fabrication 261 Samuel, Arthur L., joins IBM 234—236 526 Samuel, Arthur L., on transistor effort outside IBM 380 Samuel, Arthur L., open method of search 648n61 Samuel, Arthur L., pure research management committee 531 532—533 Samuel, Arthur L., solid-state research 377 378 380 388 536—537 Samuel, Arthur L., Zuerich laboratory established 550 San Jose IBM laboratory 276—282 300—303 305—306 310 553—555 Sayre, David 368—369 Scaling in computation 333 334 SCAMP computer 579 Schawlow, A.L. 563 564 Schick, John F. 677n80 Schlaeppi, Hans P. 687n97 Schuenzel, Ernest C. 643n108 Schwartz, Robert 667n90 Scientific computation forum and seminars (IBM) 83—85 348 351 616n6 618n42 Scientific computing 21—27 74—75 83—86 130 133—134 421—422 Scientific Computing Center 350 352 354 357 Scientific Computing Service 338—339 340 350 SCRAM (Strip Circular Random Access Memory) project 303 304 SEAC (Standards Eastern Automatic Computer) 103 Seeber, Robert R.,Jr. 48—49 52 54 57 73 333 335 612n32 Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) 557 Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator see "SSEC" Selectron storage tube 114 623n31 Semiconductors 372—373 415 see "Transistors" Sequence control, in SSEC 52—53 585—587 Service Bureau Corporation 357 SHACO language and interpreter 335 336 347—348 SHARE organization 709 System Committee 359 SHARE organization, assembly program for 704 computer 354 SHARE organization, assembly program for 709 computer 359—360 SHARE organization, formation and function 347—349 357 368 SHARE organization, FORTRAN committee 361 Sheldon, John W. 333—334 335—336 338 351 352 654n42 655n66 Shell, Donald L. 359 360 Shelton, G.L. 677n100 679n108 Shepard Laboratories 490 646n17 Shockley, William 372 374 382 393 Shugart, Alan F. 307 311 Shultz, Gerald L. 678n96 Sigma arithmetic unit 438—440 443 Silicon transistors 414—415 see Silkowitz, Bernard R. 677n70 Silo project 257 428—429 Silvey, Gene A. 667n90 Simulator programs 346 Slade, Bernard N. 399—400 402—404 Slider 300—304 307—308 312 Smith, C.R. 517 Smith, R. Blair 348 517 681n138 Smith, William V. 686n78 690n148 SMS (Standard Modular System) 406—414 444 449 573 Snyder, Samuel S. 227 SOAP (Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program) 351—352 353 Social Security Administration 489 502—504 Society of Actuaries 176—177 632n123 Solid state 373—374 378 see semiconductor" "Ferrite "Transistors" Sorokin, Peter P. 563—565 Sort programs 344—346 355 367 Sorter 6 10 20—21 174 420 632n119 Sorting 10—11 191 SOS (SHARE Operating System) 359—361 367 Source recording project 277—282 SPACE computer 471—473 474 see Spatz, Peter K. 641n66 Spaulding, Donald T. 475—477 577 580 582 Speedcoding language and interpreter 336—338 339—340 341 655n63 Speiser, Ambrose P. 550—551 Sperry Gyroscope Company 625n1 Sperry Rand Corporation 428 430 435 439 499 see Spin-echo memory 533 534 SPREAD task force 583 Spring Street IBM laboratory 555—556 SPS (Symbolic Programming System) 366 SSEC (IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator) 47—59 585—587 SSEC (IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator), applications 57 84 320 SSEC (IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator), checking by dual sequencing 54 335—336 SSEC (IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator), operation of 57 339 SSEC (IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator), programming 54 57 316 320 323 325 334 335—336 SSEC (IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator), subroutines 319—320 Stanford Research Institute 498—500 Stevens, Louis D., Defense Calculator project 147 Stevens, Louis D., disk project manager 287 Stevens, Louis D., drum for Test Assembly 112 622n28 Stevens, Louis D., headquarters assignment 307 Stevens, Louis D., joins IBM 112 Stevens, Louis D., laboratory manager 302 305 306 Stevens, Louis D., product engineering 296 300 647n48 Stevens, Louis D., technical assistant manager 276 282 Stevens, Louis D., Walnut II and Cypress 311 Stevenson, M.J. 690n150 Stewart, Elizabeth 614n54 Stibitz, George R. 593 Storage see "Buffer storage" "Magnetic-disk "Magnetic-drum "Magnetic-tape "Memory" "Vacuum for Storage allocation 91—92 325—328 331 356 370 Stored program 52—53 58—59 77—78 109—110 316 462 468 611n11 Stretch 416—458 Stretch, assessments 453—456 Stretch, computer description 452—453 Stretch, control program experiment 370—371 Stretch, deliveries 456 673n112 Stretch, disk file 301 307 432 446 450 451 452 650n90 Stretch, fast memory proposal 258—259 428 432 446 Stretch, memory 256—261 445 448 452 Stretch, origin of name 429 Stretch, transistors and circuits 392—398 402—404 437 Stretch, word-length considerations 434—435 Stromberg — Carlson company 488—489 Subroutine library 319—322 340 344 358 652n20 subroutines 317—326 330 652n17 Subtraction 12—13 41—44 590—593 Summary punch 11 23 Superconductivity 568—570 SWAC (Standards Western Automatic Computer) 628n53 Swanson, Robert E. 667n90 Sweeney, Dura W. 671n63 Switch cores 249 252—254 255 Switching circuits 41—42 384 393—398 471 680n118 Sylvania Electric Products Company Inc. 378 447—448 Symbol table 331 648n61 Systems engineering 66In 162 Table lookup 50 75 79—81 90 184 331 Tabulating Machine Company (TMC) 4—6 Tabulator 3—5 8—10 17—21 Tape see "Magnetic-tape storage" "Paper-tape Tape Processing Machine see "TPM" Tape sorter-collator 174 420 632n119 Teal, Gordon K. 546 Technical Computing Bureau 84 85 333—338 Telecomputing Corporation 278 304 Teleprocessing 521 Teleregister Corporation 516—517 Teletype Corporation 514 Teller, Edward 392 424 Test Assembly 108—114 137 144 322—323 325 328 330 Test scoring machine 275 Texas Instruments, Inc. 402 414 447 448 Thomas J. Watson Astronomical Computing Bureau 24 Thomas J. Watson Research Center 556 561—563 Thomas, Llewellyn H. 57 232 528 563 690n154 Thompson, Leonard H. 637n78 Thyratrons 36 Toben, Gregory J. 69 169 Townes, Charles H. 535—536 563 564 TPM (Tape Processing Machine) 114—129 131—132 137 173 589—598 TPM II 127 129 173—176 see TPM survey teams and application studies 128—129 174 Tractor tape system 220 225—228 Transistor circuits see also "Transistors" Transistor circuits for IBM 608 calculator 386—388 Transistor circuits for Stretch and 7000 series 395—398 Transistor circuits in experimental calculator 384—385 Transistor circuits in small accounting machine 381 Transistor circuits, corporate policy on 387 Transistor circuits, current-switch 395—398 437 Transistor circuits, early flip-flops or triggers 376 378—379 381 Transistor circuits, emitter-coupled logic (ECL) 396—398 Transistor circuits, emitter-follower logic 385—386 Transistor circuits, grounded-emitter 382 Transistor circuits, packaging 385 406—414 Transistor circuits, statistical design criteria 398—399 Transistor circuits, training course on 384 transistors 372—415 see "Point-contact "Transistor Transistors for memory support circuits 255 256 404 Transistors for Stretch and 7000 series 393—395 402—404 437 447 448 Transistors, automated manufacture of 399—402 403 406 446 573 Transistors, corporate policy on 387 Transistors, early public perception of 417 Transistors, early reliability problems 537 Transistors, first device work at IBM 373—378 Transistors, first fully transistorized IBM product 386—387 Transistors, IBM X-4 thyratron 387—388 389 Transistors, invention 372—373 Transistors, junction vs. point-contact 382—384 390 541 Tremelling, Keith 646n25 Triebwasser, Sol 683n26 684n50 685n53 Trigger circuit see "Flip-flop circuit" Trillion-bit file project 311 Troy, James J. 52 75 96 470 543 676n51 Tub file 278 289 295 Tucker, Gardiner L. 392—393 394 533 544 547 549 554 Tunneling spectroscopy 561 Turing, Alan M. 92 318—319 355 Typewriter, electric 60 482 521 U.S. Air Force (and Army Air Corps) 279 300 447 513—514 645n16 U.S. Department of Defense 364 U.S. Department of Justice 357 Underwood Corporation 99 172 Underwood, Francis O. 468—469 United Aircraft Corporation 336 354 658n116 UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer), accepted by Census Bureau 574 615n61 UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer), addressing 627n27 UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer), at General Electric Company 339 344 UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer), branch instruction 627n27 UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer), compilers for 340 364 656n72 UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer), deliveries 575 UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer), early publicity 102 UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer), Eckert and Mauchly venture 59 UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer), influence on IBM 102—103 114—115 116 129 130 174 416 418—419 574—575 UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer), Prudential Insurance Company order 80 633n125 UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer), speed compared to TPM 132 Univac File Computer 297 University of California Radiation Laboratory (UCRL) 422—427 658n116 see University of Manchester 104 337 University of Pennsylvania 27 39 45 57—59 103 319 321 614n57 626n19 Utility programs 332 347 352 Vacuum tube circuits, cathode follower 119 Vacuum tube circuits, circuit design manual 147—148 Vacuum tube circuits, for counting 36—44 Vacuum tube circuits, for storage see "Capacitor storage" "Flip-flop "Havens "Latch Vacuum tube circuits, for switching 41—42 Vacuum tube circuits, pentagrid tube 66—67 Vacuum tube circuits, pentode 41 Vacuum tube circuits, pluggable units for 62—63 98 99 121 148—151 168 Vacuum tube circuits, quality problems 65—66 Vacuum tube circuits, symbolic representation 42 148 Vacuum tube circuits, triode 36 65 Vacuum tube circuits, using diodes 118—119 147—148 168 Vacuum tubes, see also Thyratrons in digital vs. linear circuits 65 Valley Committee 240 Valley, George E. 240 Variable field and record length in 1401 computer 469—470 Variable field and record length in 305 RAMAC 675n37
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