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Bashe C.J., Johnson L.R., Pugh E.W. — IBM's Early Computers
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Íàçâàíèå: IBM's Early ComputersÀâòîðû: Bashe C.J., Johnson L.R., Pugh E.W.Àííîòàöèÿ: In describing the technical experiences of one company from the beginning of the computer era, this book unfolds the challenges that IBM's research and development laboratories faced, the technological paths they chose, and how these choices affected the company and the computer industry. It chronicles the transformation of IBM into a computer company in a remarkably few years, discussing projects that ended in frustration as well as the more successful ones, and providing a sense of the atmosphere, the people, and the decision-making processes involved during the company's rapid technological transformation. IBM's Early Computers is a unique contribution to the modern history of computers. It focuses on engineering alternatives rather than business and general management considerations and reveals the significance of imaginative solutions to problems in design and technology, from initial experiments with electronics in digital machines to the threshold of the System 360 era. This fair and balanced account of IBM's role in shaping today's electronic revolution identifies the individuals (both inside and outside the company) whose pioneering work influenced developments at IBM. The book's fourteen chapters briefly survey the card machine era and then cover electronic calculation, the magnetic drum calculator, the Defense Calculator and other first-generation products, ferrite core memories, magnetic tape, and disk storage development, programming, transistors, "Project Stretch" (which involved disappointments but led to one of IBM's greatest successes) high-speed printers, research, and new-product-line considerations. Charles J. Bashe, Lyle R. Johnson, John H. Palmer, and Emerson W Pugh are senior members of the staff at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center, each with many years of technical and managerial experience in the developments they describe. IBM's Early Computers is included in the History of Computing Series, edited by I. Bernard Cohen and William Aspray.
ßçûê: Ðóáðèêà: Òåõíîëîãèÿ /Ñòàòóñ ïðåäìåòíîãî óêàçàòåëÿ: Ãîòîâ óêàçàòåëü ñ íîìåðàìè ñòðàíèö ed2k: ed2k stats Ãîä èçäàíèÿ: 1986Êîëè÷åñòâî ñòðàíèö: 716Äîáàâëåíà â êàòàëîã: 11.04.2010Îïåðàöèè: Ïîëîæèòü íà ïîëêó |
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Dunham, Bradford 664n53 686n78 Dunwell, Stephen W., 604 calculator planning 61 Dunwell, Stephen W., CPC specifications 70—71 Dunwell, Stephen W., Datatron and LARC 420 423 426 Dunwell, Stephen W., Future Demands department 61 418 Dunwell, Stephen W., joins IBM 23 Dunwell, Stephen W., joins Poughkeepsie laboratory 418 Dunwell, Stephen W., Magnetic Drum Calculator 78 80—83 86 88 91 92—95 97 99—100 Dunwell, Stephen W., magnetic tape studies 109 Dunwell, Stephen W., on tape rewinding 214 Dunwell, Stephen W., on TPM requirements 121—122 Dunwell, Stephen W., scientific computing bulletins 85 Dunwell, Stephen W., Stretch project 430—441 443—444 448—450 456—458 547 669n36 Dunwell, Stephen W., TPM early planning 116—117 130—131 Dunwell, Stephen W., World War II service 61 418 Durfee, Benjamin M. 9 10 26 30 31 EAM (Electric Accounting Machine) 18 630n77 Eccles, W.H. 37 Eckert — Mauchly Computer Corporation 80 102 103 115 129 130 194 574 Eckert, J. Presper, Jr., BINAC 59 627n27 Eckert, J. Presper, Jr., EDVAC 110—111 Eckert, J. Presper, Jr., EDVAC subroutines 318 Eckert, J. Presper, Jr., ENIAC 57 58 Eckert, J. Presper, Jr., LARC 430 436 Eckert, J. Presper, Jr., magnetic tape for EDVAC 189 Eckert, J. Presper, Jr., memory proposal 271—272 Eckert, J. Presper, Jr., mercury delay line 110 Eckert, J. Presper, Jr., patent on revolver 166—167 621n79 Eckert, J. Presper, Jr., UNIVAC 59 627n27 Eckert, Wallace J., at Harvard 1947 symposium 78 Eckert, Wallace J., calculation control switch 23—24 Eckert, Wallace J., Director of Nautical Almanac 47 Eckert, Wallace J., joins IBM 47 523—525 527—528 Eckert, Wallace J., Magnetic Drum Calculator planning 73—74 Eckert, Wallace J., memory requirements 231 Eckert, Wallace J., NORC plans 132 Eckert, Wallace J., on card-instructed sequence calculator 69 Eckert, Wallace J., on government support in electronics 525—526 Eckert, Wallace J., on relay calculators 69 Eckert, Wallace J., on technological dilemma 525—526 Eckert, Wallace J., punched card proponent 22—24 Eckert, Wallace J., pure research management committee 531—533 Eckert, Wallace J., Scientific Computation Forum 75 83—84 Eckert, Wallace J., SSEC activities 47—50 55 Eckert, Wallace J., SSEC programming staff 341 Eckert, Wallace J., Watson Laboratory 527—533 536 EDPM (Electronic Data Processing Machines) 162 179 342 417 630n77 EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) 59 92 321—322 615n61 627n27 EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) 58—59 77—78 102—103 110—111 189—190 615n61 Edwards, Nathen P. 107 113 223 245 414 544 547 669n36 Eidenoessische Technische Hochshule (ETH) 550—551 Einstein’s theory verified 536 ElectroData Corporation 171—172 669n23 Electroluminescent photoconductors (ELPC) 540 Electron conduction 36 372 Electron tubes see "Vacuum tubes" "Thyratrons" Electron tunneling 560—561 Electronic multiplier 44—46 see Electrostatic clutch 203—204 489—490 491 Electrostatic storage see "CRT memories" "Selectron "Williams-tube Emitter in transistors 374 Emitter-coupled logic (ECL) 398 Emitter-follower logic 390 Endicott IBM laboratory, 1400 series computers 468—479 Endicott IBM laboratory, ASCC project 26—33 Endicott IBM laboratory, centralized in new building 16 Endicott IBM laboratory, character recognition 496—498 502 558 Endicott IBM laboratory, early electronics projects 37—45 Endicott IBM laboratory, electrical laboratory 34—35 Endicott IBM laboratory, Magnetic Drum Calculator project 75—77 83 165 Endicott IBM laboratory, magnetic-tape project 102 191—194 Endicott IBM laboratory, management change 543 Endicott IBM laboratory, NORC project 182 Endicott IBM laboratory, postwar hiring 103 Endicott IBM laboratory, printer development 480—495 Endicott IBM laboratory, rivalry with Poughkeepsie laboratory 93 100 464—465 470 Endicott IBM laboratory, SSEC project 47—54 Engineering computation see "Scientific computing" ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) 27 39 45 57 58 162 316 614n57 ERA (Engineering Research Associates, Inc.) 76—77 81—82 86 88 575 617n10 619n44 ERMA (Bank of America check reader) 499 ERMETH (Elektronische Rechen Machine of the ETH) 550—551 Error detection and correction in NORC 181 183 212 Error detection and correction in Stretch 453 Error detection and correction, codes for 225—226 620n64 Error detection and correction, effect on machine operation 128 Error detection and correction, longitudinal check character on tape 215 Error detection and correction, parity check 121 217—219 Error detection and correction, programmed 54 142 216 325 335—336 362—363 Error detection and correction, two-gap tape head 216—217 Error detection and correction, two-level tape sensing 217 Esaki, Leo 270 560—561 Eschenfelder, Andrew H. 261—262 669n36 Estrems, Eugene 675n24 Evans, Bob O. 163 473 475—477 479 544 580—582 Every, Maurice A. 642n89 642n90 Ewing, Alton E. 646n25 Excess-three code 593 Extraction algorithm 558 FAP (FORTRAN Assembly Program) 361 367 Farrington Manufacturing Company 496 497 502 Federal Systems Division 306 310 450 625n1 Fellowship program 456 Femmer, Max E. 60 147 174 194 199 544 547 548 555 557 635n39 667n90 Fernekees, James F. 97 Ferrite cores see also "Magnetic-core memories" Ferrite cores for SAGE 262—263 264 Ferrite cores, composition 236 263—264 Ferrite cores, fabrication and testing 261—265 Ferrite cores, Ferroxcube 262—263 Ferrite cores, first use at IBM 236—239 Ferrite cores, General Ceramics 242 252 261—264 Ferrite cores, initial materials effort 242 Ferrite cores, magnetostrictive ringing 259—260 Ferrite cores, patents 263—264 Ferrite cores, Philips corporation 259 263—264 Ferrite cores, production quantities 270 Ferrite cores, size reduction 239 245 259 260 261 265 Ferrite cores, three-hole cores 258—259 Ferrite cores, wiring of 265—267 268 Ferrite-core memories 231—272 see Ferrite-core memories in 700 series computers 178 180—181 185 250—254 Ferrite-core memories in 7090 and Stretch 257—258 448 452 Ferrite-core memories in SAGE 245—248 Ferrite-core memories, array wiring methods 265—267 268 Ferrite-core memories, buffers 185 236—239 248—250 296 Ferrite-core memories, candidate for 650 computer 167 Ferrite-core memories, coincident-current selection 233—234 249 Ferrite-core memories, commercial use decision 250—253 Ferrite-core memories, cooling 258 261 Ferrite-core memories, demand for 255 Ferrite-core memories, diode matrix selection 234 249 Ferrite-core memories, electrical noise 250 252 259 Ferrite-core memories, first main memory 245 Ferrite-core memories, inhibit current defined 249 Ferrite-core memories, load-sharing matrix switch 257—258 Ferrite-core memories, megabit memory 255—256 Ferrite-core memories, MIT versus IBM early experiments 242—243 Ferrite-core memories, patents and litigation 267—272 Ferrite-core memories, prices and profitability 256 272 Ferrite-core memories, reliability 245 253 255 Ferrite-core memories, staggered read 250 Ferrite-core memories, switch-core matrix selection 249 252 254 255 Ferrite-core memories, time delays in 255—256 Ferrite-core memories, transistor support circuits 255 256—258 Ferrite-core memories, two cores per bit 259—260 Ferrite-core memories, Watson, Jr., urges use 251 Ferroelectric devices 537—540 Ferroxcube company 262—263 264 Field selection in punched-card operations 13 Field, defined 6 Fleisher, Harold 663n32 682n17 Flip-flop circuit 36—44 51 376 378 Floating-point arithmetic, built-in, 650 computer 186 Floating-point arithmetic, built-in, 7030 computer 453 Floating-point arithmetic, built-in, 704 computer 179 419 431 Floating-point arithmetic, built-in, certain relay calculators 626n8 Floating-point arithmetic, built-in, computer at University of Wisconsin 179 Floating-point arithmetic, built-in, LARC proposals 427 432 Floating-point arithmetic, built-in, NORC 132—133 181—183 419 421 Floating-point arithmetic, built-in, Stretch 431 432 435—436 453 Floating-point arithmetic, programmed for 1620 computer 366 Floating-point arithmetic, programmed for 650 computer 165 351 Floating-point arithmetic, programmed for 701 computer 143 335 336 Floating-point arithmetic, programmed for CPC 333—334 Floating-point arithmetic, programmed for EDSAC 334—335 Floating-point arithmetic, programmed for Whirlwind 335 656n79 FLOW-MATIC language and compiler 364 Flowcharts in programming 327—328 Flute memory project 270 FMS (FORTRAN Monitor System) 361 367 Ford Motor Company 254 Ford, Eugene A. 5 7—8 10 Forrester, Jay W. 104 145 164 240—243 245 250 262 269—271 272 391 FORTRAN language 341—342 343 357 358 367 see for Foss, Ernest D. 633n127 642n77 Fox Hill study on research 544—545 Fox, Philip E. 104—107 111 147 161 250—251 257 669n36 Fraser, James H. 624n46 Freitag, Harlow 686n81 French IBM laboratory 461 465—467 470 Fritz, Elliott L. 399—403 Frizzell, Clarence E. 112 147 160—161 224 Furman, Frank J. 483 494 Future Demands department, Defense Calculator 135 143 144—145 Future Demands department, Magnetic Drum Calculator 78 80—81 86 88 93 94—95 96—98 99 Future Demands department, magnetic tape studies 109 193—194 Future Demands department, on computers for accounting 108 Future Demands department, product-development role 73 Future Demands department, punched-card era 17 Future Demands department, reorganized 282 Future Demands department, TPM 121 128 Gardner — Denver machines 411 Garvey, Edward J. 407—411 Garwin, Richard L. 533 535 568—569 General Ceramics Corporation 236 239 242 252 261—264 General Electric Company 6 339 344 354 375 382 490 499 583 General Motors Research Laboratories 359 Georgetown University 565 German IBM laboratory 461 465—467 470 Germanium 118—119 151 372 374 375 378 379 380 382 414—415 Giaever, Ivar 561 Gibbon, John H., Jr. 523 Gibson, John W. 262—265 549 566—567 Gill, Stanley 322 Glenco Gulton Corporation 262 538 Glenn L. Martin Company 352 Goddard, William A. 282 283 301 646n25 Goetz, John A. 615n76 624n41 Goldfinger, Roy 364 Goldstine, Herman H. 58 319—320 327 560 627n26 653n27 689n133 Gomory, Ralph E. 560 Gonder, Warren 646n25 Goto, E. 568 GOTRAN language and interpreter 366 Gould, G. 690n147 GPD (General Products Division) 306 449 475 577 578 581 Greanias, Evon C. 497 498—499 503—504 679n101 Greenstadt, John L. 352 354 Griffith, John E. 671n63 671n65 Grosch, Herbert R.J. 616n6 Grounded-emitter circuits 382 GUIDE organization 357 363 364—366 368 Gunther-Mohr, G. Robert 683n26 686n68 Haanstra, John W. 277 282—283 285 293—295 301 303—304 306—307 647n48 Haddad, Jerrier A., at corporate headquarters 543 Haddad, Jerrier A., Defense Calculator project 136—163 passim Haddad, Jerrier A., division general manager 435 519 553 Haddad, Jerrier A., joins IBM 60 Haddad, Jerrier A., magnetic-tape engineering project 194 Haddad, Jerrier A., RAMAC name 297 Haddad, Jerrier A., Stretch project involvement 422—426 669n36 Haddad, Jerrier A., TPM development 118—122 Haddad, Jerrier A., vacuum tube tester 66 Hagopian, Jacob J. 649n68 Hahn, Erwin L. 533 Hamburgen, Arthur 678n100 679n101 Hamilton, Francis E., ASCC project 26 30 31 47—48 Hamilton, Francis E., at Harvard 1947 symposium 78 Hamilton, Francis E., Endicott laboratory manager 543 Hamilton, Francis E., joins CTR 26 Hamilton, Francis E., Magnetic Drum Calculator project 58 73—74 75—101 165—172 Hamilton, Francis E., magnetic-tape project 102 189—192 Hamilton, Francis E., SSEC project 47—50 52 54 Hamming, Richard W. 225 Hankam, Eric V. 682n15 Harding, William E. 400 404—406 Harker, John M. 302—304 306 478 Harmon, Alvin L. 365 366 Harper — Fernekees machine 97 169 Harper, L. Roy 97 Harvard University, 1947 symposium 76 77—78 652n20 Harvard University, 1949 symposium 92 234 Harvard University, business school 645n16 Harvard University, Mark I 26—33 47 316—317 319—320 see Harvard University, Mark II and Mark III computers 103 626n8 Harvest project 225 259 260 437—439 443 445 456 Haug, Roy L. 647n48 Havens delay unit 153—156 599—601 Havens, Byron L. 132 153—154 181 212 528—530 535—536 544 567—568 Haynes, Munro K. 233—239 250 272 537 538 540 669n36 Heising, William P. 350—352 354 358 361 647n41 Hellerman, Leo 666n80 Henle, Robert A. 378—379 381 383—386 396 414 436 Hermes, R. Manning 649n70 Herrick, Harlan L. 340—341 342 614n54 Hoagland, Albert S. 305 306 307 554 Hogan Laboratories 632n113 Hole conduction 372—373 Hollerith, Herman 2—7 Honeywell (Minneapolis—Honeywell Regulator Company) 219 490 583 Hood, James D. 645n10 646n17 Hopner, Emil 637n78 Hopper, Grace M. 340 364 Horwitz, L.P. 679n108 Hotharn, Geoffrey A. 646n19 646n25 Howard, P.H. 678n100 Hughes, Ernest S., Jr., at Harvard 1947 symposium 78 Hughes, Ernest S., Jr., Fox Hill study on research 544 Hughes, Ernest S., Jr., joins IBM 51—52 Hughes, Ernest S., Jr., latch circuit invention 98 Hughes, Ernest S., Jr., Magnetic Drum Calculator project 75 96 98 165 Hughes, Ernest S., Jr., on 1410 computer 477 Hughes, Ernest S., Jr., SSEC assignment 52 54 Hunter, Lloyd P., assignment at IBM 378 380 537 Hunter, Lloyd P., drift transistors 391—395 Hunter, Lloyd P., ferrite-core fabrication 261 Hunter, Lloyd P., on Palmer’s management style 541 Hunter, Lloyd P., Stretch technology 417 425 669n36 Hunter, Lloyd P., three-hole-core proposal 258 Hurd, Cuthbert C., Applied Science Department head 85 421 Hurd, Cuthbert C., at 701 computer unveiling 162 Hurd, Cuthbert C., automation research 435 510 511 512 Hurd, Cuthbert C., comparison of 704 and 705 computers 421 Hurd, Cuthbert C., Defense Calculator 131—151 passim 628n53 630n86 Hurd, Cuthbert C., director of EDPM 179—180 349 423 Hurd, Cuthbert C., FORTRAN 340 Hurd, Cuthbert C., joins IBM 84—85 Hurd, Cuthbert C., LARC and Stretch proposals 392 423—430 432 Hurd, Cuthbert C., Magnetic Drum Calculator 90 93 95 98—101 165 170—171
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