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Bardi J.S. — Calculus Wars: Newton, Leibniz, and the Greatest Mathematical Clash of All Time
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Íàçâàíèå: Calculus Wars: Newton, Leibniz, and the Greatest Mathematical Clash of All Time
Àâòîð: Bardi J.S.
Àííîòàöèÿ: Now regarded as the bane of many college students’ existence, calculus was one of the most important mathematical innovations of the seventeenth century. But a dispute over its discovery sewed the seeds of discontent between two of the greatest scientific giants of all time — Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.
Today Newton and Leibniz are generally considered the twin independent inventors of calculus, and they are both credited with giving mathematics its greatest push forward since the time of the Greeks. Had they known each other under different circumstances, they might have been friends. But in their own lifetimes, the joint glory of calculus was not enough for either and each declared war against the other, openly and in secret.
This long and bitter dispute has been swept under the carpet by historians — perhaps because it reveals Newton and Leibniz in their worst light — but The Calculus Wars tells the full story in narrative form for the first time. This vibrant and gripping scientific potboiler ultimately exposes how these twin mathematical giants were brilliant, proud, at times mad and, in the end, completely human
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Ãîä èçäàíèÿ: 2006
Êîëè÷åñòâî ñòðàíèö: 277
Äîáàâëåíà â êàòàëîã: 30.04.2008
Îïåðàöèè: Ïîëîæèòü íà ïîëêó |
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Ïðåäìåòíûé óêàçàòåëü
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, and history of Brunswick — Luneberg family 144 147—150
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Arnauld correspondence 123 146
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, as phdosopher 116 123 154 203 233—234
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, as phdosopher, theology 107 183—184
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, as phdosopher, universal language 52—53 109—110
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, as political strategist 57—60 64—65
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, as rationalist 225
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Berlin Society of Sciences and 188—91
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Bernoulli and 123 142 206—208 216—217 223
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, betterment of society as goal of 103—104 106—107
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Boineburg and 54—56 60 64
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, brachistochrone problem solved by 157
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, calculus attributed to 5 9 122
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, calculus invented by viii 9 51—52 86—87
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, calculus wars and see “Calculus wars”
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, calculus, notation for 86—87 123 180 215 244
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, career, appointed court historian 145
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, career, at court of Hanover 77—78 103—104 105—112 148
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, career, Boineburg counselor 54—60
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, career, pursues law career in Mainz 53—54 55
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, childhood 15 17—19
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, China studies 146 241
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Clarke correspondence 227
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, coins term calculus 9
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, death and funeral of 231—232
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, description of 240
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, education 18—19 23—24 52—53
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, elected to Acaderrue des Sciences 180
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, elected to Royal Society 69
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Fatio and 141 175—179
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, geology and 112 150
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, George Ludwig and 175 229—230
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Germany/Italy trip (1687—1690) 143—147
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Huygens and 61—63 72 153
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, illness of 230—231
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, in Paris 58—65 71—73 75—79 93—94
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, in Vienna 203—20 206 214
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, inventions of 61 (see also “Calculus”)
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, inventions of, calculating machine 67—69 78—79 91 94 154
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, inventions of, folding chair 145—146
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, inventions of, windmill 110—111
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, isolation of, at Hanover 167 203 206
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Johann Friedrich and 106 110
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Keill and 184—187 193—196
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, London visits 64—65 67—71 94—96
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, marriage contemplated 167
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, mathematics, envisioned uses of 114—115
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, mathematics, studies of 61—64 72—73 79 86
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Newton correspondence (1676—1677) 88 90—93 97—99 117—118 125
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Newton correspondence (1693) 155
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Newton correspondence (1696) 162
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Newton correspondence (1716) 222—224
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Newton mentions in Pnnapia 125 220 240
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Newton not credited by 117
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Newton praised by 178 193—194
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Newtonian worldview and 224—228
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, obituaries for 232
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Oldenburg correspondence 67 71 78 81—85 88
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, on gravitation 130 131—132 224—228
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, on health care/medicine 146—147
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, on Newton’s contribution to calculus 117
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, on Newton’s health 162
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, on Opticks 182 196—197
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, on own lack of knowledge 71
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, on planetary motion 130—132 226
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, on Pnnapia 131
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, on reunification of Christian churches 107
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, on theology 107 183—184
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Peter the Great and 201
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, plagiarism accusations against 70—71 176—177 184—185
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, political pamphlets written by 56 57
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, publications on calculus viii 9 116—117 122—123
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, reputation of 9—10 51 154 232—234
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, reputation of, redemption of, in 19th century 244—246
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, scholarship of 24
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, scientific societies envisioned by 109—110 188—190 203—204
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, sdver mine scheme 108—112
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, travels from Paris to Hanover 93—97
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, writings see also names of specific works
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, writings on binary numbers 180
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, writings on calculus 9 116—117 122—123 221—222
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, writings on law 53 55
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, writings on Louis XIV 133
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, writings on philosophy 24 52 77 123 154 203
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, writings on planetary motion 131—132
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, writings on theology 107 183—184
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, writings political pamphlets 56 57
Leibnizhaus, Hanover 102—103 240
Leipzig 16 24 53
Lely, Peter 136
Lght see also “Optics”
Lght, contemporary theories of 43—44
Lght, Newton’s theory of 2 33 43—46 89
Lichtenstern, Christian Habbeus von 76
Lilly, William 31
Linus, Franciscus 49
Locke, John 141 151 161 234
Logarithm calculations (Newton) 35—36
London, great fire of 38—40
London, Leibniz visits 64—65 67—71 94—96
London, Newton in 163 169—173
London, plague epidemic (1665) 31—33
Louis XIV, King of France, declares war (1688) 135—136
Louis XIV, King of France, declares war against Dutch 59—60
Louis XIV, King of France, plans war against Dutch 56 57 58
Louis XIV, King of France, retains control of Lorraine 132—133
Louis XIV, King of France, Schonborn audience with 64
Louis XIV, King of France, underwrites Charles II 134
Louvois, Marquis de 138
Lunar eclipse 31
Lunar motion 161—162 211
Luneberg, dukes of 104
Luther, Martin 56 107
Lutheran/Catholic reconciliation, Leibniz on 107
L’Hopital, Marquis de 141 154 157
Mainz 55—57
Malpighi, Marcello 80
Mars Christianissimus (Leibniz) 133
Mary II, Queen of England 136 173
Marzarin, Cardinal 59
Mathematical advances, in seventeenth century 12
Mathematical challenges 155—157 208—209
Mathematics, history of 7—8
Mathematics, Leibniz’s vision for 114
Medicine, Leibniz on 146—147
Mencke, Otto 115 116 117 131
Mental breakdown (Newton) 158—159
Mercator, Nicholas 37 41
Mercury poisoning 158
Method of exhaustion flip 7
Methods of Fluxions (Newton) 243—244
Micrographia (Hooke) 47 89
Mines 108—112
Mint, Newton as administrator of 3 162—163 169—173
Monadologie (Leibniz) 203
Monreau de Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis 235
Montague, Charles 151 161 162
Montmort, Remond de 217 224
Morland, Samuel 69
Motion, analysis of 6—7 30 128 131—132
Mouton, Gabriel 70
Mulberry trees 190
Music, and mathematics 115
Napoleon 59
Neale, Thomas 173
Netherlands see “Holland”
Newton, Hannah Ayscough 21—22
Newton, Isaac, alchemical studies 22 112—113 114
Newton, Isaac, ancient chronology of 113—114
Newton, Isaac, as Cambridge student 25 27—31 36
Newton, Isaac, as Royal Society president 5 181 191—192
Newton, Isaac, aversion to publishing 4 5 49 72 95
Newton, Isaac, Bernoulli and 209 217
Newton, Isaac, brachistochrone problem solved by 157
Newton, Isaac, business ineptness of 24—25
Newton, Isaac, calculus invented by vii—viii 5 30—31 35—36
Newton, Isaac, calculus wars and. see “Calculus wars”
Newton, Isaac, Cambridge lectures on algebra 192
Newton, Isaac, career at British mint 3 162—163 169—173
Newton, Isaac, career at Cambridge 30 36—38 41—49 192
Newton, Isaac, childhood 19 21—24
Newton, Isaac, death and funeral of 237—239
Newton, Isaac, education 22 23 24—25 36
Newton, Isaac, elected to Parliament 137 150
Newton, Isaac, elected to Royal Society 43
Newton, Isaac, Fatio friendship 138—141 160—161
Newton, Isaac, fire destroys papers of 159—160
Newton, Isaac, Flamsteed dispute 161—162 211
Newton, Isaac, Grantham years 28 33—36
Newton, Isaac, gravitation theory. see “Gravitation universal
Newton, Isaac, Halley and 120—121 123—124
Newton, Isaac, Hooke correspondence on planetary motion 118—119
Newton, Isaac, Hooke disputes 4—5 46—48 68 89 124 211
Newton, Isaac, Huygens and 49 89 139 153
Newton, Isaac, in London 163 169—173
Newton, Isaac, Keill collaboration 196—197 213
Newton, Isaac, knighted 2 182
Newton, Isaac, Leibniz correspondence (1676—1677) 88 90—93 97—99 117—118 125
Newton, Isaac, Leibniz correspondence (1693) 155
Newton, Isaac, Leibniz correspondence (1696) 162
Newton, Isaac, Leibniz correspondence (1716) 222—224
Newton, Isaac, mental breakdown of 157—161
Newton, Isaac, monuments and accolades to 235—236
Newton, Isaac, Newton, Isaac (father) 21
Newton, Isaac, on calculus 5—6 35—37 243—244 “De
Newton, Isaac, on gravitation 33—34 128—130
Newton, Isaac, on mechanics of motion 33 128—129
Newton, Isaac, on nature of gravity 130 225
Newton, Isaac, on optics 4 45 89
Newton, Isaac, on planetary motion 121 128—129
Newton, Isaac, optics theory 1—5 33 42—46 89
Newton, Isaac, reflecting telescope invented by 42—43
Newton, Isaac, reputation of 1 2 137 234—236
Newton, Isaac, sexuality of 139—140
Newton, Isaac, theological studies 112—113 114
Newton, Isaac, Wallis publishes mathematics work of 151—154
Newton, Isaac, work habits of 2—3 27—29
Newton, Isaac, writings see also “Principia; names of specific works”
Newtonian worldview, Leibniz’s rejection of 224—228
Nijmegen, treaty of 97
Nizolius 87
Noble families, histories of 144—145 147—150
Notation for calculus see “Calculus notation
Nova Methodus Pro Maximus el Minimus (Leibniz) 116
Observationes diametrorum solis et lunae (Mouton) 70
Oldenburg, Henry 45 67—69
Oldenburg, Henry, accused of spying 82
Oldenburg, Henry, death of 100
Oldenburg, Henry, Hooke accuses of spying 81
Oldenburg, Henry, Leibniz correspondence 67 71 78 81—85 88
Oldenburg, Henry, Leibniz/Newton letters and 81—85
Oldenburg, Henry, Royal Society and 80
Oldenburg, Henry, scientific discourse/publication and 79—80
Oldenburg, Henry, translates Historiola 90
On the Inverse Method of Fluxions (Cheyne) 181
Opticks (Newton) see also “On the Quadrature of Curves”
Opticks (Newton), anni mirabilis and 5 33
Opticks (Newton), Einstein on 2
Opticks (Newton), impact of 1—5
Opticks (Newton), Leibniz on 182 196—197
Opticks (Newton), Principia and 137
Opticks (Newton), publication of 1—5 182
Optics, Newton’s work on 3—5 33 42—46 89
Ottoman Empire 58 135
Pardies, Ignatius 49
Paris, Leibniz in 58—65 71—73 75—79 93—94
Pascal, Blaise 8 67 72 79
Peace of Augsburg 56
Pell, John 70 199
Pepys, Samuel, as Royal Society president 192
Pepys, Samuel, Newton letters to 161
Pepys, Samuel, on great fire of London 38 39
Pepys, Samuel, on Micrographia 47
Pepys, Samuel, on plague 32—33
Pepys, Samuel, Principia publication and 127
Perier, Etienne 79
Peter the Great, Czar of Russia 201
Pfalz, Ruprecht von der 96
Philosophiae Naturalis Pnncipia Mathematica see “Principia”
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Craig’s articles on calculus 122
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, founding of 41—42 79—80
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Newton on optics in 4 43 45
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Newton’s defense of Commercium Epistolicum 215
Phosphorus, manufacture of 105
Placcius, Vincent 149
Plagiarism accusations, Leibniz accused of 176—177 184—185 193 212
Plagiarism accusations, Newton accused of 9—10 152
Plagiarism accusations, “affair of the eyebrow” 70—71
Plague epidemic (1665) 31—33
Planetary motion, Hooke and 118—119
Planetary motion, Kepler and 48
Planetary motion, Leibniz on 131—132 226
Planetary motion, Newton and 120—121
Planetary motion, vortex theory and 129 131—132 226
Poetry, and mathematics 115
Political upheaval, in seventeenth century 11
Principia (Newton), anni mirabilis and 33
Principia (Newton), contents of 128—130
Principia (Newton), dedication of 135
Principia (Newton), error found in 209
Principia (Newton), Halley instigates writing of 121
Principia (Newton), Leibniz correspondence mentioned in 125 220 240
Principia (Newton), presented to Royal Society 123—124
Principia (Newton), publication of 3 118 127
Principia (Newton), reaction to 128 130—131
Principia (Newton), revised editions of 137 141 209 240
Protestant reformation 107
Protestant/Catholic reconciliation, Leibniz on 107
Protestantism 56
Protestants see also “Huguenots”
Protogaea (Leibniz) 150
Ptlgnm’s Progress (Bunyan) 48
Publishing industry, great fire of London and 40—41
Publishing industry, scientific publishing 79—80 87—88
Quadrature of circle 72—73 92
Quadratures 86
Rahpson, Joseph 220 232
Ramazzini, Bernardino 146—147
Reflecting telescope 42—43
Regnauld, Francois 70
Roberval, Gilles Personne de 8 72
Royal Academy of Sciences. see “Academie des Sciences”
Royal Society of London, declares Newton first inventor of calculus 200
Royal Society of London, Fatio elected to 139
Royal Society of London, history of 65—66
Royal Society of London, Leibniz meets with 65 67—69
Royal Society of London, Leibniz’s appeals to, on Keill accusations 193—196 198—201 219
Royal Society of London, Newton as president 181 191—192
Royal Society of London, Newton elected to 43
Royal Society of London, Oldenburg and 80
Royal Society of London, Principia and 123—124 127
Royal Society of London, reflecting telescope presented to 42—43
Royal Society of London, typical program for 45
Russell, Bertrand 103 149 233
Sanuto, Marino 58
Scholium of Pnnapia (Newton) 220
Schonborn, Melchior Friedrich von 64 71
Schonbornjohann Philipp von 55 57 60 71
Science, history of 129—130
Scientific advancement, in seventeenth century 12 48 65—66
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