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Bardi J.S. — Calculus Wars: Newton, Leibniz, and the Greatest Mathematical Clash of All Time
Bardi J.S. — Calculus Wars: Newton, Leibniz, and the Greatest Mathematical Clash of All Time



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Íàçâàíèå: Calculus Wars: Newton, Leibniz, and the Greatest Mathematical Clash of All Time

Àâòîð: Bardi J.S.

Àííîòàöèÿ:

Now regarded as the bane of many college students’ existence, calculus was one of the most important mathematical innovations of the seventeenth century. But a dispute over its discovery sewed the seeds of discontent between two of the greatest scientific giants of all time — Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.
Today Newton and Leibniz are generally considered the twin independent inventors of calculus, and they are both credited with giving mathematics its greatest push forward since the time of the Greeks. Had they known each other under different circumstances, they might have been friends. But in their own lifetimes, the joint glory of calculus was not enough for either and each declared war against the other, openly and in secret.
This long and bitter dispute has been swept under the carpet by historians — perhaps because it reveals Newton and Leibniz in their worst light — but The Calculus Wars tells the full story in narrative form for the first time. This vibrant and gripping scientific potboiler ultimately exposes how these twin mathematical giants were brilliant, proud, at times mad and, in the end, completely human


ßçûê: en

Ðóáðèêà: Ìàòåìàòèêà/

Ñòàòóñ ïðåäìåòíîãî óêàçàòåëÿ: Ãîòîâ óêàçàòåëü ñ íîìåðàìè ñòðàíèö

ed2k: ed2k stats

Ãîä èçäàíèÿ: 2006

Êîëè÷åñòâî ñòðàíèö: 277

Äîáàâëåíà â êàòàëîã: 30.04.2008

Îïåðàöèè: Ïîëîæèòü íà ïîëêó | Ñêîïèðîâàòü ññûëêó äëÿ ôîðóìà | Ñêîïèðîâàòü ID
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Ïðåäìåòíûé óêàçàòåëü
Academic societies      see “Scientific societies”
Acaderrue des Sciences      62 65 66 77 180
Act of Settlement      174
Acta Eruditorum Lipsienium, account of Protogaea in      150
Acta Eruditorum Lipsienium, founded      115 116
Acta Eruditorum Lipsienium, Leibniz on planetary motion      131—132
Acta Eruditorum Lipsienium, Leibniz on Wallis’s book      153—154
Acta Eruditorum Lipsienium, Leibniz replies to Fatio      177—179
Acta Eruditorum Lipsienium, review of Principia      131
Alchemy      22 54 112—113 114
Algarotti, Francesco      137
Anagrams      98—99
Analyse de Infinunent Petits (L’Hopital)      141
Analytical geometry      8
Ancient chronology, Newton’s      113—114
Anne, Queen of England      2 173—174 175 182 204
Anni mirabilis      28
Anonymity in publishing      184 196—197 212—213
Anthmetica universalis (Newton)      192
Apple legend      34—35
Archimedes      7
Arnauld de Pomponne, Simon      57 58
Arnauld.Antoine      106 123 146
Art, and mathematics      115
Astronomy, Newton and      129
Ayscough, Rev W      25
Balance spring dispute (Hooke/Huygens)      68 81
Barrow, Isaac      8 36—37 41 42—43
Bayle, Pierre      154
Berlin Society of Sciences      188—91
Bernoulli (Johann) on      207 209
Bernoulli, Jacob      116 132 156 157
Bernoulli, Johann, brachistochrone problem and      155—156 157
Bernoulli, Johann, calculus wars and      152 206—210 216—217 223
Bernoulli, Johann, Leibniz and      142 206—208 216—2117 223
Bernoulli, Johann, L’Hopital textbook and      141
Bernoulli, Johann, on Commeraum Epistolicum      206—208
Bernoulli, Johann, Principia error found      209
Bernoulli, Nikolaus      209
Bignon, Abbe      200
Binary numbers      180
Binomial theorem (Newton)      91 97—99 122
Birch,Thomas      43
Bludworth,Thomas      39
Bodkin incident      28—29
Boerhaave, Hermann      234
Boineburg, Johann Christian von      54—56 60 64
Boineburg, Philip William von      76
Book publishing      see “Publishing industry”
Boyle, Robert      43—44 65—66 69—70
Brachistochrone problem      155—157
Brand, Heinrich      105
Breisach, siege of      17
British mint      3 162—163 169—173
Bruno, Giordano      48
Brunswick — Luneberg family, history of      144—45 147—50
bubonic plague      31—33
Bunyan, John      32 48
Burnet, Thomas      149 153 162 167 181 203
Calculating machines, mechanical      67—69 78—79 91 94 154
Calculus wars      vui-ix 10—11 “Plagiarism
Calculus wars, anonymity in      viii 184 197 212—213
Calculus wars, Bernoulli and      152 206—210 216—217 223
Calculus wars, Chamberlayne and      212 218—219
Calculus wars, Cheyne and      181 182
Calculus wars, Fatio and      175—179
Calculus wars, final disposition of      241—242 246—247
Calculus wars, Keill collaboration with Newton      196—197 213
Calculus wars, Keill vs. Leibniz      184—187 193—196 212—213
Calculus wars, Keill’s reputation impugned      219
Calculus wars, Leibniz attacks gravity theory      224—228
Calculus wars, Leibniz defends himself      viii—ix 210—212 214—215
Calculus wars, Leibniz learns of Commeraum Epistolicum      206—207
Calculus wars, Leibniz writes History and Origin of the Differential Calculus      221—222
Calculus wars, Leibniz’s anger aroused      207—208 211 218—219
Calculus wars, Leibniz’s anonymous attacks on Newton      10—11 153—154 196—197
Calculus wars, Leibniz’s review of Opticks      182 196—197
Calculus wars, Newton continues after Leibniz’s death      ix 232—233
Calculus wars, Newton — Leibniz letters (1716)      222—224
Calculus wars, Newton’s anger aroused      197 218
Calculus wars, Newton’s anonymous account      215
Calculus wars, Newton’s unpublished replies to Leibniz      213
Calculus wars, Principia scholium and      220
Calculus wars, Royal Society and      193—196 198—201 219
Calculus wars, scientific community involvement      ix 214 218 219—220
Calculus wars, Walhs and      151—154
Calculus wars, Wolf on      215—216
Calculus, attributed to Leibniz      5 9 122
Calculus, attributed to Newton      151—152 200
Calculus, description of      6—7 35
Calculus, geometry and      7 9 35
Calculus, inevitability of invention of      29—30
Calculus, Leibniz invents      viii 9 51—52 86—87
Calculus, Leibniz publications on      viii 9 116—117 122—123
Calculus, L’Hopital textbook on      141
Calculus, Newton and Leibniz methods compared      151—52
Calculus, Newton invents      vii—viii 5 30—31 35—36
Calculus, Newton’s writings on      5—6 35—37 243—244 “De
Calculus, notation for      86—87 123 180 215 244
Calvin, John      107
Cambridge University, and plague epidemic (1665)      33
Cambridge University, Newton lecturer at      30 36—38 41—49 192
Cambridge University, Newton studies at      25 27—31 36
Caroline, Princess of Wales      227
Cassini, Giovanni      80
Catelan, Abbe      156
Catholic/Protestant reconciliation, Leibniz on      107
Cavaheri, Bonaventura      8 63 72
Chair, folding      145—146
Challoner, William      172—173
Chamberlayne, John      212 218—219
characteristica universalis      52 (see also “Universal language”)
Charles I, King of England      19—21
Charles II, King of England      31 64—65 66 133—134
Charta Volans (Leibniz)      210—212
Cheyne, George      181 182
China      146 241
Choet, Jean-Robert      140
Christian churches, reunification of      107
Chronology, Newton’s      113—114
Chuno, Johann Jakob      188
Clarke, Samuel      227
Coffee houses      119
Coin clipping      170
Colbert      77 81
Collins, John, De Analasi and      41 192 199
Collins, John, encourages Newton to publish on calculus      95
Collins, John, Leibniz and      72 83—86 89—90 92—93 94
Collins, John, posthumous papers of      192 198—200
Collins, John, writes Histonola      90
Colors, Newton’s theory of      4 33 43—49
Comet appearances      31
Comets, orbits of      119 129
Commeraum Epistolicum (Royal Society)      198—201 206—208 212 218—219
Conduitt.John      30 237 238
Conn, Abbe      208 209 220 222 223 225 232
Counterfeiting      170 171
Craig, John      121—122
Cromwell, Oliver      21 31 32 134
Crowne, William      17 80
Dahl, Michael      173—174
De Analysi (Newton), Collins and      41 192 199
De Analysi (Newton), Leibniz and      94 96
De Analysi (Newton), published      192
De Analysi (Newton), written      37—38
De Casibus Perplexis (Leibniz)      53
De Motu Corporum (Newton)      121
De Principio Indivdui (Leibniz)      24
De quadrature curvarum.      see ““On the Quadrature of Curves”
Demonstmtiones Catholicae (Leibniz)      107
Descartes, Rene, exile of      48
Descartes, Rene, invents analytical geometry      8
Descartes, Rene, Leibniz paper modeled on Geometry      116
Descartes, Rene, Leibniz studies      72
Descartes, Rene, Newton studies      30
Descartes, Rene, on vortex theory of planetary orbitals      129
Deschales, Claude Milliet      87
Dialogue (Galileo)      48
Differential calculus      121—122
Differentials, defined      6
Dilherr.Johann Michael      53
Disease, in seventeenth century      32
Dissertaoo de Arte Combinatori (Leibniz)      52—53
Egypt, proposed war against      58 59 60
Einstein, Albert, on Opticks      2
Empiricism      130
England, civil war of      19—21
England, French Huguenots and      133 137
England, Leibniz visits      64—65 67—71 94—96
England, Leibniz’s calculus introduced to      122
England, living conditions in      32
England, plague epidemic (1665)      31—33
England, war against France      137
Epistola posterior (Newton)      93 97—99
Epistola prior (Newton)      90—91
Ernst August, Duke of Hanover      108 111 144—145 148 164 174
Este, House of      145 147 148 149
Evelyn, John      31—33 38
Faoo de DuiUer, Nicholas      138—141 160—161 175—179 180—181 193
Fermat, Pierre      8
Flamsteed.John      161—162 211 214
Fluxions and fluents, method of      vii—viii 9 35 98 151—152
Fogel, Martin      105
Folding chair      145—146
France, declares war (1688)      135—136
France, Huguenot persecution in      133
France, Newton’s reputation in      234
France, prepares for war with Holland      56 (see also “Franco-Dutch War”)
France, war against England      137
Franco-Dutch War      60 64 97 132
Franklin, Benjamin      2
Freret, Nicolas      113—114
Friesenegger, Mauros      16
Gahleo      21 48
Gallois, Abbe      77
Gasto, Prince of Florence      114
Geology, Leibniz and      112 150
Geometna (Bonaventura)      63 72
Geometry (Descartes)      30 116
Geometry, calculus and      7 9 35
Geometry, history of      7—9
George I, King of England      150 205—206
George Ludwig, Crown Prince of Hanover      150 164—166
George Ludwig, elector of Hanover      174—175 188 204—205 229—230 King
Germany, first scientific journal in      115
Germany, political structure of      55—56
Germany, Thirty Years’War and      15—17
Gout      230
Grand Alliance      135
Grantham      28 33—36
Gravesande, Willem Jacob      234
Gravitation, Newton on nature of      130 225
Gravitation, phenomena explained by      128—129
Gravitation, universal law of      33—34 128—130 131 224—228
Great fire of London      38—40
Gregory, David      128 184
Gregory, James      5 8 84 90
Grimaldi, Claudius Philip      146
Gulliver’s Travels (Swift)      191
Halley, Edmond      119—121 123—124
Hanover, court of Leibniz’s career at      77—78 103—104 105—112 148
Hanover, court of, life style of      164—166
Hanover, dukes of      104 (see also “Ernst August Duke Johann Duke
Hanover, Germany, in seventeenth century      106
Hanover, Germany, modern city      101—103
Hartzingk, Peter      108—109
Harz Mountain mines      108—112
health care, Leibniz on      146—147
histories, of noble families      144—145 147—150
Histortola (Collins)      90 94—95
History and Origin of the Differential Calculus (Leibniz)      221—222
History of Fluxions (Raphson)      220—221
Holland, imminent war with France      56
Holland, Leibniz visits      96—97
Holland, Newton’s reputation in      234
Holland, plague in      31
Holland, war with France      see “Franco-Dutch War”
Holy Roman emperor      147—148
Holy Roman Empire      55
Hooke, Robert, accomplishments of      67
Hooke, Robert, calls Fatio “Newton’s ape”      141
Hooke, Robert, death of      181
Hooke, Robert, dispute with Huygens      68 81
Hooke, Robert, dispute with Leibniz      68
Hooke, Robert, disputes with Newton      4—5 46—48 68 89 124 211
Hooke, Robert, invents mechanical calculating machine      69
Hooke, Robert, Newton correspondence on planetary motion      118—119
Hooke, Robert, Oldenburg accused of spying by      81
Hooke, Robert, on Leibniz’s calculating machine      67—68
Hooke, Robert, optics work of      43 46
Hooke, Robert, writes Micrographia      47 89
Hudde, Johann      8 72 96
Huguenots      133 137
Huygens, Christian, Fatio and      176
Huygens, Christian, Hooke dispute      68 81
Huygens, Christian, Leibniz and      61—63 72 153
Huygens, Christian, mathematical contributions of      8
Huygens, Christian, meets Newton      139
Huygens, Christian, Oldenburg and      80
Huygens, Christian, on Newton’s calculus      153
Huygens, Christian, on Newton’s optics work      49 89
Huygens, Christian, optics work of      43
Huygens, Christian, reputation of      62
Infinite series      30 63
Integral calculus      63 122—123
Integral sign, invention of      86
Integrals, defined      6
Inverse square law of attraction      119 120 124
James II, King of England      121 134—135 136
Johann Friedrich, Duke of Hanover, alliances of      56—57
Johann Friedrich, Duke of Hanover, background of      104
Johann Friedrich, Duke of Hanover, death of      108
Johann Friedrich, Duke of Hanover, funds windmill project      110
Johann Friedrich, Duke of Hanover, offers job to Leibniz      77—78
Johann Friedrich, Duke of Hanover, relationship with Leibniz      106 110
John Casimir, King of Poland      56
Jones, William      192
Journal Literaire de la Haye      212 213 215
Journal pubhcaoon      41—42 79—80 115 Journal “Philosophical
Keill, John, accusations against Leibniz      184—185 193 212
Keill, John, Commercium Epistolicum and      200 201
Keill, John, Leibniz answers charges      187—188 193—94 195—196
Keill, John, letter to Chamberlayne      219
Keill, John, Newton and      196—197 213
Keill, John, Wolf on      214—215 219
Kepler, Johannes      7 48
Kepler’s laws      128
Kochanski, Adam      149
Konig, Samuel      90—91
Korugsmarck, Philip Christopher von      165—166
Lagrange, Joseph-Louis      236
Lasser, Herman Andrew      55
Lbrary at Hanover      93 104—105
League of Augsburg      135
Leeuwenhoek, Antoni van      80 97
Legal reform in Holy Roman Empire      55
Leibniz, Catharina Schmuck      17
Leibniz, Friedrich      17—18
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, accomplishments of      240—241
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, alchemy and      54
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