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Àâòîðèçàöèÿ |
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Ïîèñê ïî óêàçàòåëÿì |
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Dewdney A.K. — Beyond reason. 8 great problems that reveal the limits of science |
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Ïðåäìåòíûé óêàçàòåëü |
Kleene, Stephen, recursive function theory and 173
Knowledge 3—8
Kuhn, Thomas 7
Kummer, E.E. 130
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 119
Leviathan (Hobbes) 117
Li, T.Y. 89
Light 35—36 41—57 See "Speed
Light as particles 35 46
Light as waves 35—36 41 46 61 62
Light, Michelson — Morley experiment 46 48 53
Light, quanta of 34 46 63—65
Light-year 56
Lindemann — Weierstrass theorem 133—134
Lindemann's theorem 133—135 137—138
Lindemann, Ferdinand 4 116 122 134
Linear complexity 189 190
Locality assumption 74 75 78 79
Logical predicates 146—148 150 154 156—158
Logical propositions 146 150 153 190
Logistic equation 90—97 101
Logistic equation, map of 94—95
Logorithmic complexity 189
Lorentz effect 15
Lorentz — Fitzgerald transformations 52—55
Lorentz, Hendrik 52
Lorenz attractor 103—104
Lorenz, Edward 88 89 103—112
Lorenz, Edward, butterfly metaphor of 106—107
Lorenz, Edward, waterwheel of 107—108
Lorenz, Edward, weather prediction and 88 103—111
Lukens, Isaiah 22
Mach, Ernst 41 46
Magnitude, "big-O" notation for 184
Malthus, Thomas Robert 90—91
Mandelbrot set 100—102
Mandelbrot, Benoit 89—90 97
Manifolds 89
Many-worlds hypothesis 81—82
Markes of the Absurd Geometry... (Hobbes) 118
Markov, A.A. 173
Martian dictionary 173—177
Mass-energy formulas 31 55—56
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 88
Mathematics 40 41 See "Geometry" "Numbers" "Sets"
Mathematics, ancient Greek development of 116—117
Mathematics, chaos theory and 86—88 90—97
Mathematics, conjectures in 138 140 161 164
Mathematics, definitions in 185
Mathematics, future of 203
Mathematics, Goedel and 139 140 148—150 153—161 164 165
Mathematics, Hahn's contribution to 149
Mathematics, Hilbert's theory of proofs and 147—148
Mathematics, hypotheses in 140
Mathematics, inconsistencies in 143 159—161
Mathematics, logical formulation of 146—148 150 153 154 156—158 190
Mathematics, Mandelbrot set and 100—102
Mathematics, metamathematics and 146 148 155 159 178
Mathematics, perpetual motion machines and 27 30
Mathematics, problem equivalence in 191
Mathematics, quantum mechanics and 6—7 69—70
Mathematics, reality and 2
Mathematics, science and 2—3 6—7
Mathesis Universalis (Wallis) 118
Matrices 68—69
Maximum-integer problem 188
Maxwell's demon 33—34
Maxwell's equations 40—42 45
Maxwell, James Clerk 33 42 46 63
May, Robert 88 91 93—95
Mechanical energy 146 148 155 159 178 See
Michelson — Morley experiment 46 48 53
Michelson — Morley inferometer See "Inferometer"
Michelson, Albert 39 41—43 45 48—49
Mini-Mandelbrots 192
Monatshefte fuer Mathematik und Physik (journal) 160
Morley, Edward 41—43 45 48—49
Morley, Edward, Michelson — Morley experiment 46 48 53
Motion, Newton's laws of 24 30 37 See
Natural numbers See "Positive integers"
NC (nxn checkers) 193
Newton, Isaac 2—3 20
Newton, Isaac, calculus and 119
Newton, Isaac, laws of motion of 13 24 37
Newton, Isaac, light theory of 36
Newton, Isaac, Mach's criticism of 41
Nondeterministic algorithms 198—202
Nondeterministic polynomial time See "NP (nondeterministic polynomial time) problems"
Norman, Trevor 56
NP (nondeterministic polynomial time) problems 192—198
NP (nondeterministic polynomial time) problems, completeness proofs 194—196
NP (nondeterministic polynomial time) problems, generic transformation and 192 201 202 206
NP (nondeterministic polynomial time) problems, transformation to satisfiability problem 192—193
NP completeness 194
Numbers 124—126 129 138 140 144 153 154 See
Numbers, algebraic 125 126 130 131 133 134 138
Numbers, complex 101 102 131
Numbers, constructable 126—135 137 138
Numbers, finite 155
Numbers, Goedel 155—158
numbers, imaginary 101 131
Numbers, infinite 140
Numbers, irrational 116 117 124—126
Numbers, natural See "Positive integers"
Numbers, prime 1—2 139 154 155
Numbers, rational 117 124—127 129 131—132 141 142
Numbers, real 130 131 133 141 142 148
Numbers, reasoning about 146
Numbers, transcendental 117 119 125 126 133 134 138
Numbers, transfinite 140
O(nlogn) complexity 190
Observational data 7
One-slit experiment 67
Optical computers 178 179
Order of magnitude See ""Big O" notation"
Orffyreus 19—21
Parallel computing 163 178—179 204
Particles See also "Fundamental particles"
Particles, chaotic systems and 86—88
Particles, light 35 46 63 64
Particles, wave duality 64 72
Peano, Giuseppe 144
Peano, Giuseppe, five axioms of 144—146
Pendulums 97—100
Pendulums, double 98—100
Perpetual motion machines 3 4—5 11—34
Perpetual motion machines, charlatans and 23
Perpetual motion machines, Fludd's grinding mill as 18—19
Perpetual motion machines, gravity-blocking material and 16
Perpetual motion machines, impossibility proofs 24—27 30
Perpetual motion machines, mathematics and 27 30
Perpetual motion machines, numbers of 23—24
Perpetual motion machines, perpetual wheels as 11—14
Perpetual motion machines, physics and 27—28
Perpetual motion machines, Redheffer's machine as 21—23
Perpetual motion machines, Somerset's wheel as 11—14 17 27 32—33
Perpetual motion machines, Stevinus roller machine as 24—27
Perpetual motion machines, superconducting ring as 14—16
Perpetual motion machines, trigonometric cosine function and 25—27
Perpetual motion machines, type one 13 14 16 24
Perpetual motion machines, type two 13 14 19 32
Phase spaces 88—89 93—94
Phase spaces, attractors and 97—98
Phase spaces, weather-in-a-jar and 106
Phase transitions 90
photoelectric effect 45—46 60 64
photons 56 65 204
Photons, collapsed wave function of 179
Photons, light quanta and 46
Photons, measurement of 3 71 74
| Photons, polarization of 72—74 77 82
Photons, position and momentum of 59 66—67 69
Photons, probability distribution and 70
Photons, two-slit experiment and 60—62
Photons, wave/particle duality and 64 72
Physical laws 34
Physical reality 2
Physical Society of Berlin 30
Physics 2 27—28 41
Physics as applied mathematics 3
Physics, chaos theory and 88
Physics, classical 24 34 59—60 80
Physics, Goedel and 149
Physics, mathematics and 2—3 34
Physics, Michelson and Morley effect on 45
Physics, nature of light and 46
Physics, quantum mechanics See "Quantum mechanics"
Pi 117—119 124 133—135
Pi , transcendentality of 133 134
Pilot ACE computer 178
Planck, Max 46 62—64 66 68
Planetary motion 7—8
Planetary motion, unpredictibility and 85 90
Plato 36
Podolsky, Boris 72
Podolsky, Boris, EPR thought experiment 72—74 76—77
Poincare, Henri 41 46 52
Polarization, photon 72—74 77 82
Polynomial-time algorithms 190 192—197 199—203
Polynomial-time algorithms, vertex-cover problem and 197
Population growth 90—97
Positive integers (natural numbers) 127 140
Positive integers (natural numbers), five axioms characterizing 144—146
Post, Emil 150 173
potential energy 5 31
Precipitation probability, meaning of 108 110—111
Predator-prey models 88 91—97
Predicate logic 146—148 150 154 156—158
Prediction, weather 108—111
Primary transformations 198
Prime numbers 1—2 139 154 155
Princeton Institute for Advanced Study 88 91
Principia Mathematica (Russell and Whitehead) 146 147 151
probability distribution 70
Problems See "Decision problems" "Intractable "Specific
Programming, computer See "Computers"
Proofs, Hilbert's theory of 147—148
Propositional logic 146 150 153 190
Proxima Centauri (star) 56
Ptolemaic theory 7
Pythagoras 46 116 121 124 129
Pythagorean Theorem 6 50 120—121 129 130
Quadratic complexity 189 190
Quantum computing 163 178 179 203
Quantum computing, prospects for 204—205
Quantum curtain 59 60 80—82
quantum mechanics 5—6 46 59—83
Quantum mechanics, attributes of 66
Quantum mechanics, black body problem and 63
Quantum mechanics, effect of consciousness on 62 81
Quantum mechanics, Einstein and 46 60 62—64 71—72 83
Quantum mechanics, encryption and 82
Quantum mechanics, energy quanta and 34 63—65
Quantum mechanics, EPR thought experiment and 72—74 76 77
Quantum mechanics, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle 66—69
Quantum mechanics, locality assumption and 74 75 78 79
Quantum mechanics, many-worlds hypothesis of 81—82
Quantum mechanics, mathematics and 6—7 69—70
Quantum mechanics, matrices and 68—69
Quantum mechanics, measurement problem of 79—81
Quantum mechanics, one-slit experiment and 67
Quantum mechanics, polarization of photons and 72—74
Quantum mechanics, roots of 60
Quantum mechanics, two-slit experiment and 60—62 179
Quantum mechanics, underlying reality of 80—82
Quantum mechanics, unpredictability and 5—6 59 60
Quantum mechanics, wave function collapse and 80—82 179 204
Quantum mechanics, wave/particle duality and 72
Rational numbers 117 124—127 129 131—132 141 142
Real numbers 130 131 133 141 142 148
reality 2
Reason, limitations of 1—8
recursive functions 173 180
Redheffer, Charles 21—23
Relativity theory 6—8 45 53 57
Relativity theory, classical physics basis of 59—60
Rest energy 31
Robba, Phillippe 134
Roemer, Olaus 36—38
Rosen, Nathan 72
Rosen, Nathan, EPR thought experiment 72—74 76—77
Ruelle, David 90
Russell, Bertrand 145—147 161
Rutherford, Ernest 65
SAT (satisfiability problem) 190—203
SAT (satisfiability problem), transformation from NP to 192—193
SAT (satisfiability problem), vertex-cover problem and 194 196—198
Scaling phenomena, data 89—90
Schlick, Moritz 149
Schroedinger wave equation 69 70
Schroedinger's cat 80—81
Schroedinger, Erwin 80—81
science 2—3 30 See "Quantum
Science fiction 8 16 56
Science of Mechanics, The (Mach) 41
Science, inductive vs. deductive 6—7
Second International Congress of Mathematics (Paris) 140
Secondary transformations 198
Sellers, Nathan 21—22
Sensitivity phenomenon 89 95 101
Set theory 149 160
Sets 140—146
Sets of all sets 144—145
Sets, subsets 141—143 196
Setterfield, Barry 56
Siddhanta Ciromani (Sanskrit book) 17—18
Smale, Stephen 88 89
Solution algorithm 191—192
Somerset, Edward 17 27 32—33
Somerset, Edward, perpetual motion wheel of 11—14 17
Space Travel 3 8 56—57
Space, "absolute" 41
Space-time continuum 8 53 57
Special relativity, theory of 6 45 53 57
speed of light 35—57 60
Speed of light as not constant 56—57
Speed of light, Einstein equation and 5 6 31 36 42 45—46 54—57
Speed of light, photon polarization and 74
Speed of light, space travel and 3 8 56—57
Speed of sound 42
Squaring the circle 3 4 11 115—135 137
Squaring the circle, analysis (science) and 125
Squaring the circle, Hobbes and 118
Squaring the Circle, impossibility of 115—116
Squaring the circle, line and 116 124—129 132
Squaring the circle, ruler and compass and 115 119 122 126 127 134 135
Squaring the circle, topology and 125
Stable points 94 95
Steiner tree problem 205—206
Stevinus, Simon 24—25
Strange attractors 90 97—102
subsets 141—143 196
Supercomputers 178
Swinney Harry 90
Taffy-mixing machine (chaotic system example) 86—88
Takens, Floris 90
Temperature 105 106
Temperature, weather predictions of 108—110
Thales 121—122
Thales, theorem of proportions of 122 127 128
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