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Dewdney A.K. — Beyond reason. 8 great problems that reveal the limits of science
Dewdney A.K. — Beyond reason. 8 great problems that reveal the limits of science



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Íàçâàíèå: Beyond reason. 8 great problems that reveal the limits of science

Àâòîð: Dewdney A.K.

Àííîòàöèÿ:

Inventors and engineers have invested centuries of effort trying to build a perpetual-motion machine. They have never succeeded, but without their valiant attempts, a particularly piquant chapter would be missing from this new book on scientific impossibilities. Science-writer Dewdney teases illuminating logic and formulas from the despair of physicists who wish to predict how electrons will dance, from the frustration of computer programmers who want to resolve certain types of yes-no questions, and from the embarrassment of meteorologists who would like to predict next week's weather. Rigorous enough to challenge intelligent readers but not so daunting as to overwhelm the nonspecialist, the investigation of each impossibility clarifies the barriers that forbid further progress along certain theoretical paths, limning the conceptual boundaries of science and even reflecting the limitations inherent in the structure of human rationality. Still, Dewdney concedes a catalogue of scientific impossibilities may just provoke some maverick to do what the greatest scientists have always done: enlarge the limits of the possible.


ßçûê: en

Ðóáðèêà: Ìàòåìàòèêà/Ïîïóëÿðíûå èçäàíèÿ/

Ñòàòóñ ïðåäìåòíîãî óêàçàòåëÿ: Ãîòîâ óêàçàòåëü ñ íîìåðàìè ñòðàíèö

ed2k: ed2k stats

Ãîä èçäàíèÿ: 2004

Êîëè÷åñòâî ñòðàíèö: 224

Äîáàâëåíà â êàòàëîã: 28.04.2005

Îïåðàöèè: Ïîëîæèòü íà ïîëêó | Ñêîïèðîâàòü ññûëêó äëÿ ôîðóìà | Ñêîïèðîâàòü ID
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Ïðåäìåòíûé óêàçàòåëü
Kleene, Stephen, recursive function theory and      173
Knowledge      3—8
Kuhn, Thomas      7
Kummer, E.E.      130
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm      119
Leviathan (Hobbes)      117
Li, T.Y.      89
Light      35—36 41—57 See "Speed
Light as particles      35 46
Light as waves      35—36 41 46 61 62
Light, Michelson — Morley experiment      46 48 53
Light, quanta of      34 46 63—65
Light-year      56
Lindemann — Weierstrass theorem      133—134
Lindemann's theorem      133—135 137—138
Lindemann, Ferdinand      4 116 122 134
Linear complexity      189 190
Locality assumption      74 75 78 79
Logical predicates      146—148 150 154 156—158
Logical propositions      146 150 153 190
Logistic equation      90—97 101
Logistic equation, map of      94—95
Logorithmic complexity      189
Lorentz effect      15
Lorentz — Fitzgerald transformations      52—55
Lorentz, Hendrik      52
Lorenz attractor      103—104
Lorenz, Edward      88 89 103—112
Lorenz, Edward, butterfly metaphor of      106—107
Lorenz, Edward, waterwheel of      107—108
Lorenz, Edward, weather prediction and      88 103—111
Lukens, Isaiah      22
Mach, Ernst      41 46
Magnitude, "big-O" notation for      184
Malthus, Thomas Robert      90—91
Mandelbrot set      100—102
Mandelbrot, Benoit      89—90 97
Manifolds      89
Many-worlds hypothesis      81—82
Markes of the Absurd Geometry... (Hobbes)      118
Markov, A.A.      173
Martian dictionary      173—177
Mass-energy formulas      31 55—56
Massachusetts Institute of Technology      88
Mathematics      40 41 See "Geometry" "Numbers" "Sets"
Mathematics, ancient Greek development of      116—117
Mathematics, chaos theory and      86—88 90—97
Mathematics, conjectures in      138 140 161 164
Mathematics, definitions in      185
Mathematics, future of      203
Mathematics, Goedel and      139 140 148—150 153—161 164 165
Mathematics, Hahn's contribution to      149
Mathematics, Hilbert's theory of proofs and      147—148
Mathematics, hypotheses in      140
Mathematics, inconsistencies in      143 159—161
Mathematics, logical formulation of      146—148 150 153 154 156—158 190
Mathematics, Mandelbrot set and      100—102
Mathematics, metamathematics and      146 148 155 159 178
Mathematics, perpetual motion machines and      27 30
Mathematics, problem equivalence in      191
Mathematics, quantum mechanics and      6—7 69—70
Mathematics, reality and      2
Mathematics, science and      2—3 6—7
Mathesis Universalis (Wallis)      118
Matrices      68—69
Maximum-integer problem      188
Maxwell's demon      33—34
Maxwell's equations      40—42 45
Maxwell, James Clerk      33 42 46 63
May, Robert      88 91 93—95
Mechanical energy      146 148 155 159 178 See
Michelson — Morley experiment      46 48 53
Michelson — Morley inferometer      See "Inferometer"
Michelson, Albert      39 41—43 45 48—49
Mini-Mandelbrots      192
Monatshefte fuer Mathematik und Physik (journal)      160
Morley, Edward      41—43 45 48—49
Morley, Edward, Michelson — Morley experiment      46 48 53
Motion, Newton's laws of      24 30 37 See
Natural numbers      See "Positive integers"
NC (nxn checkers)      193
Newton, Isaac      2—3 20
Newton, Isaac, calculus and      119
Newton, Isaac, laws of motion of      13 24 37
Newton, Isaac, light theory of      36
Newton, Isaac, Mach's criticism of      41
Nondeterministic algorithms      198—202
Nondeterministic polynomial time      See "NP (nondeterministic polynomial time) problems"
Norman, Trevor      56
NP (nondeterministic polynomial time) problems      192—198
NP (nondeterministic polynomial time) problems, completeness proofs      194—196
NP (nondeterministic polynomial time) problems, generic transformation and      192 201 202 206
NP (nondeterministic polynomial time) problems, transformation to satisfiability problem      192—193
NP completeness      194
Numbers      124—126 129 138 140 144 153 154 See
Numbers, algebraic      125 126 130 131 133 134 138
Numbers, complex      101 102 131
Numbers, constructable      126—135 137 138
Numbers, finite      155
Numbers, Goedel      155—158
numbers, imaginary      101 131
Numbers, infinite      140
Numbers, irrational      116 117 124—126
Numbers, natural      See "Positive integers"
Numbers, prime      1—2 139 154 155
Numbers, rational      117 124—127 129 131—132 141 142
Numbers, real      130 131 133 141 142 148
Numbers, reasoning about      146
Numbers, transcendental      117 119 125 126 133 134 138
Numbers, transfinite      140
O(nlogn) complexity      190
Observational data      7
One-slit experiment      67
Optical computers      178 179
Order of magnitude      See ""Big O" notation"
Orffyreus      19—21
Parallel computing      163 178—179 204
Particles      See also "Fundamental particles"
Particles, chaotic systems and      86—88
Particles, light      35 46 63 64
Particles, wave duality      64 72
Peano, Giuseppe      144
Peano, Giuseppe, five axioms of      144—146
Pendulums      97—100
Pendulums, double      98—100
Perpetual motion machines      3 4—5 11—34
Perpetual motion machines, charlatans and      23
Perpetual motion machines, Fludd's grinding mill as      18—19
Perpetual motion machines, gravity-blocking material and      16
Perpetual motion machines, impossibility proofs      24—27 30
Perpetual motion machines, mathematics and      27 30
Perpetual motion machines, numbers of      23—24
Perpetual motion machines, perpetual wheels as      11—14
Perpetual motion machines, physics and      27—28
Perpetual motion machines, Redheffer's machine as      21—23
Perpetual motion machines, Somerset's wheel as      11—14 17 27 32—33
Perpetual motion machines, Stevinus roller machine as      24—27
Perpetual motion machines, superconducting ring as      14—16
Perpetual motion machines, trigonometric cosine function and      25—27
Perpetual motion machines, type one      13 14 16 24
Perpetual motion machines, type two      13 14 19 32
Phase spaces      88—89 93—94
Phase spaces, attractors and      97—98
Phase spaces, weather-in-a-jar and      106
Phase transitions      90
photoelectric effect      45—46 60 64
photons      56 65 204
Photons, collapsed wave function of      179
Photons, light quanta and      46
Photons, measurement of      3 71 74
Photons, polarization of      72—74 77 82
Photons, position and momentum of      59 66—67 69
Photons, probability distribution and      70
Photons, two-slit experiment and      60—62
Photons, wave/particle duality and      64 72
Physical laws      34
Physical reality      2
Physical Society of Berlin      30
Physics      2 27—28 41
Physics as applied mathematics      3
Physics, chaos theory and      88
Physics, classical      24 34 59—60 80
Physics, Goedel and      149
Physics, mathematics and      2—3 34
Physics, Michelson and Morley effect on      45
Physics, nature of light and      46
Physics, quantum mechanics      See "Quantum mechanics"
Pi $(\pi)$      117—119 124 133—135
Pi $(\pi)$, transcendentality of      133 134
Pilot ACE computer      178
Planck, Max      46 62—64 66 68
Planetary motion      7—8
Planetary motion, unpredictibility and      85 90
Plato      36
Podolsky, Boris      72
Podolsky, Boris, EPR thought experiment      72—74 76—77
Poincare, Henri      41 46 52
Polarization, photon      72—74 77 82
Polynomial-time algorithms      190 192—197 199—203
Polynomial-time algorithms, vertex-cover problem and      197
Population growth      90—97
Positive integers (natural numbers)      127 140
Positive integers (natural numbers), five axioms characterizing      144—146
Post, Emil      150 173
potential energy      5 31
Precipitation probability, meaning of      108 110—111
Predator-prey models      88 91—97
Predicate logic      146—148 150 154 156—158
Prediction, weather      108—111
Primary transformations      198
Prime numbers      1—2 139 154 155
Princeton Institute for Advanced Study      88 91
Principia Mathematica (Russell and Whitehead)      146 147 151
probability distribution      70
Problems      See "Decision problems" "Intractable "Specific
Programming, computer      See "Computers"
Proofs, Hilbert's theory of      147—148
Propositional logic      146 150 153 190
Proxima Centauri (star)      56
Ptolemaic theory      7
Pythagoras      46 116 121 124 129
Pythagorean Theorem      6 50 120—121 129 130
Quadratic complexity      189 190
Quantum computing      163 178 179 203
Quantum computing, prospects for      204—205
Quantum curtain      59 60 80—82
quantum mechanics      5—6 46 59—83
Quantum mechanics, attributes of      66
Quantum mechanics, black body problem and      63
Quantum mechanics, effect of consciousness on      62 81
Quantum mechanics, Einstein and      46 60 62—64 71—72 83
Quantum mechanics, encryption and      82
Quantum mechanics, energy quanta and      34 63—65
Quantum mechanics, EPR thought experiment and      72—74 76 77
Quantum mechanics, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle      66—69
Quantum mechanics, locality assumption and      74 75 78 79
Quantum mechanics, many-worlds hypothesis of      81—82
Quantum mechanics, mathematics and      6—7 69—70
Quantum mechanics, matrices and      68—69
Quantum mechanics, measurement problem of      79—81
Quantum mechanics, one-slit experiment and      67
Quantum mechanics, polarization of photons and      72—74
Quantum mechanics, roots of      60
Quantum mechanics, two-slit experiment and      60—62 179
Quantum mechanics, underlying reality of      80—82
Quantum mechanics, unpredictability and      5—6 59 60
Quantum mechanics, wave function collapse and      80—82 179 204
Quantum mechanics, wave/particle duality and      72
Rational numbers      117 124—127 129 131—132 141 142
Real numbers      130 131 133 141 142 148
reality      2
Reason, limitations of      1—8
recursive functions      173 180
Redheffer, Charles      21—23
Relativity theory      6—8 45 53 57
Relativity theory, classical physics basis of      59—60
Rest energy      31
Robba, Phillippe      134
Roemer, Olaus      36—38
Rosen, Nathan      72
Rosen, Nathan, EPR thought experiment      72—74 76—77
Ruelle, David      90
Russell, Bertrand      145—147 161
Rutherford, Ernest      65
SAT (satisfiability problem)      190—203
SAT (satisfiability problem), transformation from NP to      192—193
SAT (satisfiability problem), vertex-cover problem and      194 196—198
Scaling phenomena, data      89—90
Schlick, Moritz      149
Schroedinger wave equation      69 70
Schroedinger's cat      80—81
Schroedinger, Erwin      80—81
science      2—3 30 See "Quantum
Science fiction      8 16 56
Science of Mechanics, The (Mach)      41
Science, inductive vs. deductive      6—7
Second International Congress of Mathematics (Paris)      140
Secondary transformations      198
Sellers, Nathan      21—22
Sensitivity phenomenon      89 95 101
Set theory      149 160
Sets      140—146
Sets of all sets      144—145
Sets, subsets      141—143 196
Setterfield, Barry      56
Siddhanta Ciromani (Sanskrit book)      17—18
Smale, Stephen      88 89
Solution algorithm      191—192
Somerset, Edward      17 27 32—33
Somerset, Edward, perpetual motion wheel of      11—14 17
Space Travel      3 8 56—57
Space, "absolute"      41
Space-time continuum      8 53 57
Special relativity, theory of      6 45 53 57
speed of light      35—57 60
Speed of light as not constant      56—57
Speed of light, Einstein equation and      5 6 31 36 42 45—46 54—57
Speed of light, photon polarization and      74
Speed of light, space travel and      3 8 56—57
Speed of sound      42
Squaring the circle      3 4 11 115—135 137
Squaring the circle, analysis (science) and      125
Squaring the circle, Hobbes and      118
Squaring the Circle, impossibility of      115—116
Squaring the circle, line and      116 124—129 132
Squaring the circle, ruler and compass and      115 119 122 126 127 134 135
Squaring the circle, topology and      125
Stable points      94 95
Steiner tree problem      205—206
Stevinus, Simon      24—25
Strange attractors      90 97—102
subsets      141—143 196
Supercomputers      178
Swinney Harry      90
Taffy-mixing machine (chaotic system example)      86—88
Takens, Floris      90
Temperature      105 106
Temperature, weather predictions of      108—110
Thales      121—122
Thales, theorem of proportions of      122 127 128
1 2 3
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