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Ïîèñê ïî óêàçàòåëÿì |
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Dewdney A.K. — Beyond reason. 8 great problems that reveal the limits of science |
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Ïðåäìåòíûé óêàçàòåëü |
"Big O" notation 184 190 199 204
"Logic and the Understanding of Nature" (Hilbert) 159—160
"Naturkennen und Logik" (Hilbert) 159—160
"On Certain Difficulties of Proof..." (Goedel) 160
"On Comparable Numbers..." (Turing) 173
"On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules" (Bohr) 66
"paradigm shift" 7
"Period Three Implies Chaos" (Yorke and Li) 89
"social constructions" 7
"Ueber Formal Unentscheldbare Saetze Principia Mathematica..." (Goedel) 160
(mass-energy equation) 31
Absolute space and time 41
Abstract systems 6
Accretion of knowledge 6
Ackermann's function 180—181
Ackermann, Willheim 149
Aleph zero 140
Algebra 164
Algorithms 174 177—179 203 204
Algorithms as computer programs 185—190
Algorithms, big-O bottleneck and 198—199
Algorithms, binary search 188—189 191
Algorithms, complexities of 189—190 199
Algorithms, definitions of 165 185 198—199
Algorithms, deterministic 199—200
Algorithms, exponential 189 204
algorithms, generic 192—193 198 201—203
Algorithms, nondeterministic 198—202
Algorithms, solution 191—192
Algorithms, to find largest number in a list 185—188
Algorithms, verification stage of 200 202
Algorithms, worst-case instances of 199
Analog computer 205—206
Angstroem, Anders 60 65
Annalen der Physik (journal) 45
Archimedes 19 135
Aristotle 36 117 150
Arithmetic 139 146 149 164 170
Arithmetic, consistency 143—148
Arithmetic, Goedel's consistency proof 140 150 153—158
Arithmetic, transfinite 140—142
Aspect, Alain 79
Astronomy 7—8
Atom, excited state 70
Atomic theory of Bohr 65—66
Atomic theory of Dalton 6 41
Atomic theory of Rutherford 65
Attractors 97—104
Bacon, Francis 36
Balfour, William 17
Balmer, Jacob 60 65
Barriers to knowledge 3—8
Bell's theorem 75—79
Bell, John 75
Bernays, Paul 160
Bessler, Johann Ernst Elias (Orffyreus) 19—21
Beukers — Bezevin — Robba proof 134—135
Beukers, Frits 134
Beweisstheorie (Hilbert's theory of proofs) 147—148
Bezevin, Jean-Paul 134
Big-O bottleneck 183—204
Binary search 188 191
binary search algorithm 188—189
biology 7
Black body problem 63—64
Bohm's theory 82
Bohm, David 82
Bohr, Niels 64—66
Bohr, Niels, atomic structure and 65—66
Bohr, Niels, Copenhagen interpretation of 71
Bohr, Niels, EPR thought experiment and 74
Bohr, Niels, quantum mechanics and 62 64—66 72
Born, Max 68
Brahe, Tycho 7
Butterfly effect 87
Butterfly metaphor 106—107
Calculus 119
Cantor's theorem 142
Cantor, Georg 133 140—143
Carnap, Rudolph 149 159
Carnot cycle 30
Carnot, Sadi 28—30
Celestial mechanics 7 8 37
Chaos theory 3 6 85—112
Chaos theory, attractors and 97—104
Chaos theory, butterfly metaphor and 106—107
Chaos theory, double pendulum and 98—100
Chaos theory, example of 86—88
Chaos theory, fractals and 90 97 100
Chaos theory, logistic equation and 90—97 101
Chaos theory, researchers in 88—90 103—108
Chaos theory, sensitivity to initial conditions and 89 95 101
Chaos theory, stretching, folding and 88
Chaos theory, Verhulst equation and 91—92
Chaotic systems See "Dynamical systems"
Charles I, King of England 17
Church's thesis 164 165 177—178
Church, Alonzo 69 173
circle See "Squaring the circle"
Classical physics 24 65 80
Classical physics, conservation of energy and 34
Classical physics, perpetual motion machines and 27—28
Classical physics, relativity theory and 59—60
Clauser, John 79
Closed-form expressions 2
Color of light 63 64
complex numbers 101 102 131
Complexities algorithms of 189—190 199 201—202
Complexities reduced to essential size 199
Computers 163—180 183—206
Computers, algorithms and 185—190
Computers, analog 205—206
Computers, big-O bottleneck and 183 184 190 198 199 203 204 206
Computers, binary search by 188—189 191
Computers, chaos theory simulations by 88
Computers, conceptual birth and development of 165—174 178
Computers, fully programmable 164
Computers, future developments in 178—179
Computers, intractable problems and 183—206
Computers, limitations of 163—180
Computers, weather prediction and 103—104 108 111—112
Conjectures 138 161 164
Conjectures, hypothesis and 140
Consciousness 62 81
Conservation of energy 5 14 27—34
Conservation of energy, Helmholtz's law of 30
Constructable 126—135 137 138
Continuum Hypothesis 140—143
Cook's theorem 193—196 199 203
Cook, Stephen 190—196 198 199
Cook, Stephen, generic transformation discovery by 192—193 198 201—203
Copenhagen interpretation 71 72
Copernican theory 7 8 37
Copernicus, Nicolaus 7
Crick, Francis 7
Cromwell, Oliver 117
Dalton, John 6 41
Darwin, Charles 7 91
Data scaling phenomena 89—90
Davisson, Clinton 65
de Broglie, Louis 62 64
De Corpore (Hobbes) 118
de Fermat, Pierre 130
Decision problems 165 173—177
Decision problems, yes-or-no answers for 191
Deductive science 2 6 7 30
Desaguliers, Jean 19—20
Descartes, Rene 36 41—42 119
Deterministic algorithms 199—200
Dirac transformations 69
| Dirac, Paul 69
DNA computers 163 178 179 203—204
DNA structure, discovery of 7
Double pendulum 98—100
Due Correction for Mr. Hobbes... (Wallis) 118
Dynamical systems 3 6 85—90 112 See
Dynamical systems, attractors 97—104
Dynamical systems, behavior of 85—89
Dynamical systems, boundary between chaotic and nonchaotic behavior in 89
Dynamical systems, double pendulum 99
Dynamical systems, sensitivity to initial conditions of 89 95 101
Dynamical systems, waterwheel example 107—108
EDVAC computer 178
Eigenvectors 70
Einstein, Albert, "God does not play dice" quote of 46 60
Einstein, Albert, background of 40—41
Einstein, Albert, basic assumptions of 6
Einstein, Albert, energy-mass formulas of 31 55—56
Einstein, Albert, gedanken (thought) experiments of 30 40 72—74
Einstein, Albert, photoelectric effect paper of 45—46 60 64
Einstein, Albert, quantum mechanics and 46 60
Einstein, Albert, relativity theories of 6 45 52 53 57 59
Einstein, Albert, speed of light and 5 6 31 36 42 45—46
Electrons 53 59
Electrons, energy level of 63 65 66
Electrons, Lorentz effect and 15
Electrons, measurement/position of 3 60 70 71
Electrons, perpetual motion and 14—16
Elements (Euclid) 120
Elenchus Geometriae Hobbianae (Wallis) 118
Empedocles 36
Energy 11—34 See
Energy, conservation of 5 14 27—34
Energy, Einstein's equation 31 52
Energy, exchange of information and 33
Energy, heat as form of 28—31
Energy, joules of 32
Energy, kinetic and potential components 5 31 45 55—56
Energy, light and 62—64
Energy, mechanical 30
Energy, perpetual motion machines and 11—34
Energy, quanta of 34 46 63—65
Entscheidungsproblem 170 173
EPR (Einstein — Podolsky — Rosen) thought experiment 72—74 76—77
Equivalence, problem 191
Ether 41—42 44 45 48 49 52
Euclid 117—121 127—128 149
Euler, Leonhard 149
Everett, Hugh, III 81
Evolution theory 7
Examinatio et Emendatio Mathematicae Hodiernae (Hobbes) 118
Exponential algorithms 189—190 204
exponential complexity 190
Exponential growth 183 185 204
Fermat's last theorem 130 139
Finite numbers 155
First International Congress of Mathematics (Zurich) 41
First Men in the Moon, The (Wells) 16
Fisher, Baron 19
Fitzgerald, George 46—49 52 57
Fitzgerald, George, Lorentz — Fitzgerald transformations and 52—56
Fizeau, Armand 39
Fludd, Robert 18—19
Foucault, Jean 39
Four-day weather forecasts 108—111
Fractals 98
Fractals, coining of term 90
Fractals, definition of 97
Fractals, Mandelbrot set 100—102
Frege, Gottlob 145
Fresnel, Augustin-Jean 41 46
Friction 5 13 31 33
Fulton, Robert 22—23
Fundamental particles See also "Electrons" "Photons"
Fundamental particles, Heinsenberg's uncertainty principle and 66—68
Fundamental particles, measurement problem 3
Fundamental particles, unpredictability of 6 59 60
Galilean frames 53—54
Galileo Galilei 2—3 28 30 53
Galileo Galilei, on speed of light 37 39
Galois, Evariste 132
General relativity, theory of 8 57
Generic transformation 192—193 198
Geometry 117—124 See
Geometry, wars and 117—119
Geometry, Euclid and 120—121
German Mathematical Union 160
Germer, Lester 65
Goedel number 155—158
Goedel's incompleteness theorem 78 153 158—161
Goedel's incompleteness theorem, Cantor's theorem and 142
Goedel's incompleteness theorem, language of 139
Goedel, Kurt 139 140 153—161 164 165
Goedel, Kurt, background of 148—150
Goldbach's conjecture 138—139
Goldbach, Christian 138
Golub, Jerry 90
Gravesande, Willem Jakob s' 20
Gravity-blocking material 16
Greece, ancient, light theories 36
Greece, ancient, mathematics 116—117
Grundgesetze der Arithmetik (Frege) 145 146
Grundlagen, Die (Neumann) 80
Grundzuege der Theoretischen Logik (Hilbert and Ackermann) 149—150
Hahn, Hans 149
Hamiltonian path problem 193
Heat energy 28—31
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle 66—69
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, statement of 66
Heisenberg, Werner 62 68
Hilbert space 69
Hilbert, David 69 134 143 146—150 159—160 164
Hilbert, David, Beweisstheorie (theory of proofs) of 147—148
Hilbert, David, twenty-three problem challenge by 140
Hobbes, Thomas 117—119
HP (Hamiltonian path problem) 193
Huygens, Christiaan 36 41 46
Hydrogen atom 65—66
Hyperspace drive (science fiction) 56
Hypothesis 140
Imaginary number 101 131
Incompleteness theorem See "Goedel's incompleteness theorem"
Inductive science 6
infinity 140—143
Infinity, exponential complexity and 190
Infinity, finite tools and 155
Infinity, fractals and 97
Infinity, mini-Mandelbrots and 102
Integers 129 130 165
Integers, Ackermann's function and 180
Integers, Goedel numbers and 155 157 158
Integers, maximum-integer problem 188
Integers, positive 127 144—145
Integers, rational number correspondence 126
Integers, real numbers and 140—143 148
Interferometer 43—45 48 49
Intractable problems 3 183—206
Intractable problems, equivalence among 191
Intractable problems, exponential time and 185 188 204
Intractable problems, finding largest number in a list 186—188
Intractable problems, traveling-salesman example 184—185
Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy (Russell) 149
Io (Jupiter's moon) 37—38
Irrational numbers 116 117 124—126
Joules 32
Kant, Immanuel 149
Keats, John 116
Kepler, Johannes 7—8
kinetic energy 5 31 45 55—56
Kleene, Stephen 60
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