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| Cohen M.R., Nagel E. — An Introduction to Logic and Scientific Method |
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| Ïðåäìåòíûé óêàçàòåëü |
A forteriori arguments 77 116
Abelard 96
Absolute priority, fallacy of 385
Absorption, principle of 124
Abstract, all propositions and systems are 140 396—397
Abstractions 371—375
Abstractive theories 397—399
Accident, and the Predicables 237—238
Accident, fallacy of 377—378
Added determinants, inference by 73
Addition, logical 122
Affirmative propositions 36
Agreement, method of 251—256
Alexander, of Macedon 354 356
Alternative propositions 45
Alternative propositions, contradictory of 69
Alternative propositions, equivalence to hypothetical and disjunctive propositions 64—65
Alternative syllogism 100—101 105
Ambiguity 225
Analogy, and formation of hypotheses 221—222
Analogy, and induction 286—288
Analogy, and metaphor 369
Analysis, abuses of 383 385
Antecedent 8 44
Antecedent, fallacy of denying 99
Antilogism 91—94
Apodosis 8
Archimedes 407—413 442
Argumentum ad hominem, fallacy of 380
Aristotelian sorites 95
Aristotle v vi vii 17 34 76 82 87 88 110 132 177 186 187 228 232 234—238 273—275 372 420 454
Arithmetic mean 304—306
Array, Besian 446
Art, and logic 357—362
Association, principle of 124
Asymmetry, of relations 114
Authenticity, of historical data 326—329
Authority, and scientific method 193
Averages, statistical 303—310
Axioms, consistency and independence of 143—147
Axioms, fertility of 143
Axioms, for categorical syllogism 78—79
Axioms, function of in system 129—133
Bacon, Francis 245
Bain, A. 436 445
Beethoven 352
Begging the question, fallacy of 379
Bell, E.T. 433
Bentham 236 447
Berkeley, Bishop 384 458
Binomial theorem, and mathematical probability 164
Blackstone 378
Bolyai 144 417
Boole, George 112
Bradley, F.H. 34 455 457
Buckle, H.T. 316
Buddha 352
Bukharin 458
Butler, Bishop 151
Caesar, Julius 354
Cantor, Georg 113 146
Categorical propositions 33—44
Categorical propositions, symbolical representation of 124—125
Causality, and invariant relations 245—249
Certainty, in logic 19 186
Champollion 329
Change, and logic 176
Classes, calculus of 121—126
Classification 223—224 242 372
Coefficient of dispersion 311
Commands, and propositions 28
Commutation, principle of 123
Comparative method, in history 344—347
Complex conception, inference by 74
Complex constructive dilemma 106
Complex destructive dilemma 106
Composition, fallacy of 377
Composition, principle of 124
Compound propositions 44—48
Compound propositions, equivalence between 63—65
Compound propositions, opposition between 68—75
Comte, Auguste 228
Conclusion 8
Concomitant Variation, Method of 261—264
Conditional propositions 33 44
Confucius 352 354
Conjunctive propositions 46
Conjunctive propositions, their contradictories and equivalents 69—70
Connexity, of relations 114
Connotation of terms 30—33
Consequent 8 44
Consequent, fallacy of affirming 98
Consistency of axioms 143—147
Contradiction, principle of 123 181 183—184
Contradictory propositions 53 55 66 68
Contradictory terms 59
Contraposition, of categorical propositions 59—60
Contraposition, of hypothetical propositions 64
Contrary propositions 55 66 71
Contrary terms 59
Converse subaltern 56 66 74
Conversion of propositions 58—59
Conversion of relations 63
Copernicus 213
Copula 30
Correlation, measure of 312—315
Correlation, of relations 115
Counting, its nature 291—293
Court procedure, weighing of evidence in 347—351
Craig, John 325
Criticism, in aesthetics 357—362
Crucial experiments 219—220
Dante 360
Darwin, Charles 197
De Morgan, A. 112 165 208 221 325 382 424 429 430 457
De Morgan’s theorem 70
De Morgan’s Theorem, algebraic proof 125
Dedekind, R. 113 146
Deduction, and experimental methods 266
Deduction, and induction 275—279 393
Deduction, in development of hypotheses 202—206
Deduction, in pure mathematics 135—137
Deductive system, nature of Chap. VII
Definiendum 228
Definiens 228
Definition, and generalization in mathematics 150
Definition, and system 142
Definition, and the Predicables 234—238
Definition, denotative 229
Definition, explicit and implicit 136 232
Definition, nature of 224—233
Definition, nominal 227—229
Definition, real 230—233
Definition, rules for 238—241
demonstration see "Proof"
Demonstration, example of fallacious 413—417
Demonstration, what it establishes 407—413
Denotation of terms 30—33
Denotative definitions 229
Derivative measurement 300
Determination, in logical implication 12
Deviation numbers, in statistical methods 303 310—312
Dewey, John vi 350
Diagrammatic representation of categorical propositions 39—41
Dichotomous division 243
Dictum de omni et nullo 87
Difference, method of 256—259
Differentia, in doctrine of Predicables 235—236
Dilemma 105—109
Disjunctive events, and their probabilities 161
| Disjunctive propositions 46—47
Disjunctive propositions, contradictory of 69
Disjunctive propositions, their equivalent hypothetical and alternative propositions 64—65
Disjunctive syllogism 101—102
Dispersion numbers, in statistics 303 310—312
Distribution, of terms 37—39 58 62
Distribution, principle of 124
Division 241—244
Division, fallacy of 377
Dodgson, C.L. 77 121 174 431
Dr. Johnson, Samuel 241
Duhem, Pierre 217 399
Duns Scotus 17
Duquesnoy, Adrien 328
Einstein, A. 213 215 384 399
Elimination, and function of experiment 210 251 255 266
Elimination, and the syllogism 77
Elizabeth, Queen 341—342
Entailment 127
Enthymeme 78
Enumeration 291—293
Epicurus 352
Equiprobability 159 165
Equivalence, between categorical syllogisms 87—91
Equivalence, between mixed syllogisms 103
Equivalence, of propositions 55 57—65 90—91 141—142
Euclid 18 132 143 144 174 175 278 413 417
Euler, L. 39
evidence see "Probability"
Evidence, and historical testimony 334—340
Evidence, and logic 3—5
Evidence, and procedure in court 347—351
Evidence, and scientific method 394
Evidence, demonstrative or conclusive 5—8
Evidence, partial or probable 13—16
Exceptive propositions 37
Excluded middle, principle of 123 181 184—185
Exclusive linearity, fallacy of 385
Exclusive particularity, fallacy of 387
Exclusive propositions 37
Existential import of categorical propositions 41—44
Existential import of categorical propositions, in immediate inference 58 62—63
Existential import of categorical propositions, in square of opposition 68
Existential import of categorical propositions, in syllogism 91
Experiment, and measurement 294—301
Experiment, function of 215—221 265 266
Extension of terms 30—33
Extensive qualities 296—297
Facts, and classification 224
Facts, and hypotheses 215—221
Facts, and scientific method 199 201 391—392
Falk, J.S. 321
Fallacies, formal, verbal, and material 376—382
Fallacies, in statistics 316—322
Fallacies, in use of scientific method 382—390
False disjunction or opposition, fallacy of 386
False hypotheses, value of 207—208
Faraday, M. 399
Fertility of axioms 143
Fictions, logic of 367—375
Figures of categorical syllogism 81—84
Fixation of beliefs, methods of 193—196
Fling, F.M. 329
Form, in critical evaluations 367
Form, in language 118
Form, in logic 10—12
Form, not a constraining force 12
Foucault 219
Fraenkel, O. 349
France, Anatole 216 358
Frege, G. 113 146
Freud, S. 443
Fuller, Governor 349
Fundamental measurement 297
Galen 82
Galileo 204—206 208 278 380 399 408 444
Gambler’s fallacy 168
Gauss, K.F. 380
General propositions 50—51
Generalization, and induction 14 277—279 282—284
Generalization, and logic 186—187
Generalization, in mathematics 148—150
Genetic fallacy 388—390
Genus 32 235
Goclenian sorites 95
Grammar and logic 16—18
Grassmann, H.G. 417
Harvey, Wm. 439
Heisenberg, W. 215
Henry VIII 341
hermite 17
Herodotus 197—204
Hertz, H. 441
Hilbert, D. 142 146 238
Historical criticism, in art 359—362
Historical method Chap. XVII
Hobbes, T. 16
Hume, D. 279—280 335 446
Huntington, E.V. 433
Huxley, T.H. 197 381
Hypotheses, and counting 291—293
Hypotheses, and experimental methods 252 257
Hypotheses, and fictions 367—375
Hypotheses, and historical method 325—351 354
Hypotheses, and induction 279—284
Hypotheses, and mathematics 139
Hypotheses, and scientific method 392—394 Chap.
Hypotheses, and theory of probability 167—168
Hypotheses, and universal propositions 43
Hypotheses, formal conditions for 207—215
Hypotheses, general and special 206
Hypothetical propositions 44
Hypothetical propositions, contradictory of 69
Hypothetical propositions, contrapositives of 64
Hypothetical propositions, their equivalent alternative and disjunctive propositions 64—65
Hypothetical syllogism 96—100 103—104
Identity, and metaphors 369
Identity, principle of 123 181 183
Identity, structural 137
Immediate inference 73
Implication, and inference 7
Implication, and inference, and meaning 9
Implication, and inference, as determination 12
Implication, and inference, as factual and as logical 48
Implication, and inference, its nature 8—13 175
Implication, and inference, paradox of 127 173—176
Implication, and inference, strict or tautologous 127
Impressionism, in criticism 357—359
Inclusion of classes 113 123
Incomplete expressions, and propositions 30
Inconsistent Triad 91—94 144
Independence, between propositions 53 55 56—57 143—147
Independence, of events and their probability 160
Indifference, principle of 165
Induction 14 249
Induction, and deduction 276—279
Induction, and probability Chap. XIV
Induction, and sampling 279—286
Induction, intuitive 273—275
Induction, mathematical 147—148
Induction, perfect 275—276
Inference, and implication 7
Inference, and induction and deduction 276—279
Inference, by added determinants 73
Inference, by complex conception 74
Inference, by converse relation 63
Inference, by limitation 58 84
Inference, immediate 73
Inference, mediate 73
Inference, paradox of 173—176
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