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Cohen M.R., Nagel E. — An Introduction to Logic and Scientific Method |
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Ïðåäìåòíûé óêàçàòåëü |
Initial predication, fallacy of 386
Intension of terms 30—33
Intensive qualities 293—296
Interpretation, in art 357—362
Interpretation, in historical method 329—334
Interpretation, of axioms 138 145
Intuition, and scientific method 193
Intuitive induction 273—275
Invariant relations in science, types of 245—249
Inverse variation of intension and extension 33
Inversion, of categorical propositions 61—63
Isomorphism 137—141
Jesus Christ 225 325 335—340
Jevons, W.S. 423 424 448
Johnson, W.E. 275
Joint method of agreement and difference 260—261
Judgments, and propositions 28
Jurisprudence, and metaphors 370—371
Kant, I. 110 111 365 378 420
Kelvin 399
Kepler 408 441
Keynes, J.M. 286
Keynes, J.N. 87 430 432
Koran 325 379
Ladd-Franklin, C. 91
Langlois, C.V., and Seignobos, C. 335
Language, changes in 119
Language, emotive and metaphoric use of 368—371
Language, general traits of 117—118
Laplace 168
Laws of Thought 181—185
Laws of Thought, and metaphysics 185—187
Laws, types of 245—249 354 397—399
Leibniz 34 112
Leonardo da Vinci 362
Limiting conceptions 371—375
Lindemann 17
Linguistics, and logic 16—18
Lobachevsky 144 417
Locke, J. 20 420
Lodge, O. 399
Logic, and evidence 3—5
Logic, and fictions 367—375
Logic, and form 10—12
Logic, and implication 8—13
Logic, and linguistics 16—18
Logic, and metaphysics of knowledge 20—21
Logic, and novelty 173—176
Logic, and ontology vii 185—187
Logic, and physics 20
Logic, and possibility 10 21
Logic, and probable inference 13—16
Logic, and psychology vi 18—20
Logic, and real definitions 230—233
Logic, and research 13
Logic, and scientific method Chap. X 394
Logic, and value Chap. XVIII
Logic, as science of types of order 110—113
Logic, its use and application 21—23
Logic, mathematical or generalized Chap. VI
Logical and temporal order 132 388—390
Lowell Committee 350
Lowell, J.R. 400
Lully, R. 112
Magna Carta 355
Mahomet 352 379
Maitland, F.W. 341—342
Major term in categorical syllogism 77
Many questions, fallacy of 379
Marx, Karl 319—320 352
Mary Stuart 341 356
Material implication 48 127
Material truth 7 9 131—133 277—279
Mathematical induction 147—148
Mathematical logic Chap. VI
Mathematics, and probability 158—164
Mathematics, and proof 7
Mathematics, nature of Chap. VII
Mathematics, pure 7 133—137
Maxwell 120 232 399
Mean deviation, as measure of dispersion 310—311
Mean, arithmetical 304—306
Meaning, and conditions of significance 185
Meaning, and existential import 43
Meaning, and formal logic vii 12
Meaning, and implication 9
Meaning, of historical data 329—334
Measurement, its nature Chap. XV
Measurement, its nature, and probability 165—166 170
Measurement, its nature, and statistical methods 302—315
Median 309—310
Mediate inference 73 77
Metaphor 119 368—371
Metaphysics and logic vii 20—21 185—187
Methods of Experimental Inquiry Chap. XII
Middle term in categorical syllogism 77
Mill, J.S. 177—181 225 245 249 255 256 260 261 264 267 268 269 279 280 281 441
Minor term in categorical syllogism 77
Mixed hypothetical syllogism 97
MODE 307—309
Moliere 226—227
Montague, W.P. 435
Mood of syllogism 81—84 98 99 101 102
Moore, George 96
Moral Judgments, and logic 362—367
Moral Judgments, in history 353—357
Multiplication, logical 122
Myerson, Abraham 443
Necessary and sufficient condition 271
Necessary and sufficient condition, confusions of 388
Necessary reasoning 5—13
Negative propositions 36
Neglective fictions 372
Newsholme, A. 450
Newton 213 214 219 232 283 384
Nietzsche 352
Nightingale, Florence vii
Nominal definition 227—229
Non-Euclidean geometry 140 144 145
Normative, logic as 110
Novelty, in art 358
Novelty, in logic 173—176
Null-class 122
Number, generalization of 148—150
Numerical laws, and measurement 298—301
Observation, and hypotheses 215—217
Obversion of categorical propositions 59
Obverted converse 61
Occam’s razor 395
Old Testament 328 331—334 336
One-one relations 115
One-one relations, and isomorphism 138
Operations, differences in mathematical 149
Operations, in calculus of classes 122
Opposition of propositions, in general 68—75
Opposition of propositions, square of 65—68
Ostwald, W. 399
Paine, T. 100
Particular propositions 35
Peano, G. 113 146
Pearson’s coefficient 314
Peirce, C.S. vi 17 113 117 169 172 441
Perfect induction 275—276
Persuasion and logic 19
Petitio principii, and the syllogism 177—181
Petitio principii, fallacy of 379
Philip II of Spain 355
Philo 359—360
Physical theories 397—399
Physics, and logic 20
| Plato 52 227 459
Pluralism, and systems 128 140
Plurality of causes 255 269—272
Poe, E.A. 329
Poincare, H. 139 382 398
Pompey 354
Ponendo ponens 102
Ponendo ponens, ponendo tollens 102
Porphyry 236
Port Royal 111 429
Positivism, in morals 363—364
Post hoc, ergo propter hoc 258 379
Predicables 234—238
Predicables, and dichotomous division 243
Predicate 30
Prediction, and hypotheses 208—212
Premise 8
Premise, and real definitions 232
Premise, major and minor in categorical syllogism 78
Presumption of fact 15 155—156
Priestley, J. 219
Principal, and subaltern 55 66
Principle of Indifference or Insufficient Reason 165
Probability, and induction Chap. XIV
Probability, and measure of belief 164—166
Probability, and relative frequency 153—157 166—172
Probability, and statistics 306 311 312
Probability, calculus of 158—164
Probability, its nature Chap. VIII
Probable error 312
Probable inference 13—16 Chap.
Probable inference, and generalization or induction 14
Probable inference, and presumption of fact 15 155—156
Probable inference, in history Chap. XVII
Proclus 413
proof 7 see
Proof, in mathematics 129
Property, and the Predicables 236—237
Propositional functions 29 50 135 183—185
Propositions, and immediate knowledge 4
Propositions, and propositional functions 29 50
Propositions, as distinct from sentences, judgments, resolutions, commands, and things 27—30
Propositions, calculus of 126—128
Propositions, categorical 33—44
Propositions, compound, simple, and general 44—51
Propositions, conditional 33 44
Propositions, consistency and independence 143—147
Propositions, the possible logical relations between Chap. III
Propositions, their analysis Chap. II
Protasis 8
Pseudo-simplicity, fallacy of 384—388
Psychology, and logic vi 18—20
Psychology, and logic, and laws of thought 182
Psychology, and logic, and logical novelty 173—175
Ptolemy 213 214 413—415
Pure alternative syllogisms 105
Pure hypothetical syllogisms 97 103—104
Qartile deviation 312
Qualities, measurement of 293—301
Quality of categorical propositions 36—37
Quantity of categorical propositions 35—36
Questions, and propositions 28
Range, as measure of deviation 310
Rankine, W.J.M. 398 399
Real definition 230—233
Reductio ad absurdum 88
Reduction of syllogism, categorical 87—91
Reduction of syllogism, mixed 103
Reduction, fallacies of 382—384
Reflective method see "Scientific Method"
Relations, formal properties of 49 113—115
Relations, in calculus of classes 123
Relations, in inference 115—116
Relative frequency, and probability 153—157
Relevance, and experimental methods 252 257
Relevance, and hypotheses 200—202
Relevance, and implication 6 10
Residues, method of 264—265
Resolutions, and nominal definitions 229
Resolutions, and propositions 29
Riemann 144
Rousseau 68
Russell, B. vi 113 127 146 228 240 272 438 439
Saccheri 144
Sacco and Vanzetti 349
Sampling 14 156 279—286
Sampling, and fallacies of 317—322
Santayana, G. 343—344 400 455
Schiller, F.C.S. 438 457
Schroedinger, E. 215
science 191 199 364
Science, and analysis 383 385
Scientific method, abuses of 382—390
Scientific method, and hypotheses Chap. XI
Scientific method, and logic Chap. X
Scientific method, general character of 391—399
Scientific method, in art 357—362
Scientific method, in historical sciences 324—326 352—357
Scientific method, in morals 362—367
Scientific method, limits and values of 399—403
Self-evidence 4 87 88 130—132
Sentences, and propositions 27
Shakespeare 352 362
Sherlock Holmes 436
Simple constructive dilemma 106
Simple constructive dilemma, simple destructive dilemma 106
Simple propositions 48—49
Simplicity, and choice of hypotheses 212—215
Simplicity, fallacies of 384—388
Simplification, principle of 124
Simplism, fallacy of 384—388
Sir Davy, H. 442
Sir Eddington, A. 459
Sir Hamilton, Wm.R. 417
Sir Heath, T.L. 413
Smith, Adam 373
Smith, Sydney 382
Sophisms 183—185
Sophistical refutations 381—388
Sophocles 455
Sorites 94—95
Species 32 234—235
Spencer, H. 458
SPINOZA 332—333 380
Square of opposition 65—68
St. Thomas 107 420
Standard deviation 311
Statistical methods Chap. XVI
Strauss, D.F. 335—340
Strengthened syllogism 86
Structure, identity of 137—141
Subaltern 54 55 66
Subcontrary propositions 55 67 71
Subimplication 56 66 74
Subject 30
subsystems 139—140
Sufficient conditions 271
Superaltern 54 55 66
Superimplication 55 66 72—74 96
Syllogism, categorical Chap. IV
Syllogism, hypothetical, alternative, and disjunctive Chap. V
Syllogism, is it a petitio principii 177—181
Syllogism, principle of in calculus of classes 124
Symbolic logic, and classification 244
Symbolic logic, of classes 121—126
Symbolic logic, of propositions 126—128
Symbols, their use 70 117—120
Symmetric relations 114
System, and history 340—344
System, and morals 365—367
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