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Callaghan P. — Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Microscopy
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Название: Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance MicroscopyАвтор: Callaghan P. Аннотация: Although nuclear magnetic resonance is perhaps best known for its spectacular utility in medical tomography, its potential applicability to fields such as biology, materials science, and chemical physics is being increasingly recognized as laboratory NMR spectrometers are adapted to enable small scale imaging. This excellent introduction to the subject explores principles and common themes underlying two key variants of NMR microscopy, and provides many examples of their use. Methods discussed are not only important to fundamental biological and physical research, but have applications to a wide variety of industries, including those concerned with petrochemicals, polymers, biotechnology, food processing, and natural product processing. The wide range of scientists interested in NMR microscopy will want to own a copy of this book.
Язык: Рубрика: Физика /Статус предметного указателя: Готов указатель с номерами страниц ed2k: ed2k stats Год издания: 1991Количество страниц: 492Добавлена в каталог: 28.06.2005Операции: Положить на полку |
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Предметный указатель
Radiofrequency (r.f), soft and hard pulse coupling 463 Radiofrequency (r.f), soft pulse 98 Radiofrequency (r.f), spectrum 105 Radiofrequency (r.f), turn angle of pulse 57 98 Radiofrequency spectrum, VHF and UHF 29 Radon filter 20 Ramp function 20 Random flow field 366 Random walk 157—158 336 Random walk, self-avoiding 405 Rapid acquisition methods 147—157 197—201 435 Raster 122 Raster for Fl and PR 179 Rat, brain 247 Rat, carotid artery 434 Rat, correlated pathology specimens 247 Rat, mammalian model 247 Rat, NMR microscopy 244 Rat, thorax and abdomen 247 Rat, use of surface coil 247 Rayleigh criterion 189 Read gradient 122—123 Receiver coil 21 40 Receiver coil, cooling 225 Receiver coil, saddle and solenoidal 177 Receiver phase 42 44 Reciprocal lattice 95 372 392 Reciprocity 14 175 Reconstruction 4—5 18—19 Reconstruction, in three dimensions 129—132 Reconstruction, in two dimensions 121—128 Relaxation 35 39 57 58 Relaxation, 61 Relaxation, BPP theory 39 58 Relaxation, contrast in sandstone 274 Relaxation, cycle repetition time 138 Relaxation, due to fluctuating local fields 414 Relaxation, due to paramagnetic impurities 229 Relaxation, in porous media 408—411 Relaxation, longitudinal 38 Relaxation, motional narrowing 60 Relaxation, multi-exponential in biological tissue 232 Relaxation, phenomenological approach 39 58 Relaxation, sink at pore surface 373 408 Relaxation, slow motion 63 Relaxation, spectral density function 59 Relaxation, spin-lattice 38 49 Relaxation, spin-spin 38 49 Relaxation, structural features in image 228 Relaxation, surface effects 232 Relaxation, transverse 38 Reptation 401 404 Resolution 1 22 189—226 Resolution, comparison of 205 Resolution, enhancement by echo addition 196 Resolution, for asymptotic broadening 191 Resolution, human eye 1 Resolution, in SI units for FI and PR 191 Resolution, influence of diffusion 174 201 Resolution, influence of sensitivity 173 Resolution, limits to 173 Resolution, loss due to diffusion in CPMG sequence 208 Resolution, next nearest neighbour 190 Resolution, optimization, figure of merit 197 Resolution, optimum gradient 193 Resolution, regimes of limitation 193 Resolution, transverse and voxel 192 Reynolds number 452 Rheological behaviour 457 Rotating frame 33—38 98 102 Rotating frame, phase encoding 132 Rotating frame, relaxation time 60 Sampling 11 44 Sampling, aliasing 11 Sampling, detection bandwidth 11 Sampling, full echo, half echo and FID 73—75 137 179 Sampling, interval 11 Sampling, oscillatory data 11 Sampling, period 12 Sampling, two quadrant 133 Sandstones 261 Schistocerca gregaria 249 Schroedinger equation 31 Schroedinger picture 28 Second averaging 316 SEFT 195 Selection gradient phase anomalies 433 Selective destruction 117 Selective excitation 8 97 98—120 290 Selective inversion 109 Selective pulse, 180° pulse 109—110 Selective pulse, Bloch equation calculation 107—112 Selective pulse, DANTE sequence 121 Selective pulse, diffusive-attenuation effect 115 Selective pulse, magnetization profiles 107—112 Selective pulse, negative gradient refocussing period 109 Selective pulse, non-linearity distortions 110 Selective pulse, out-of-phase magnetization 109 Selective pulse, perturbation theory 106 Selective pulse, phase twist removal 115 Selective pulse, refocusing 105 Selective pulse, residual phase shift 105 Selective pulse, self-refocussed pulses 115—117 Selective pulse, truncated sine modulation 109 Selective suppression 292 Selenite cataract 254 Self-correlation function see “Correlation function” Self-diffusion 157—160 330—337 Self-diffusion, bounded 341 Self-diffusion, capillary 349 Self-diffusion, curvilinear 400—403 Self-diffusion, dependence on macromolecular shape 344 Self-diffusion, dimensionally-restricted 400 Self-diffusion, in amphiphilic bilayer 346 Self-diffusion, in cellular or porous structures 416 Self-diffusion, in fractal volume 405 Self-diffusion, in lamellae with variable director orientation 348—349 Self-diffusion, in liquid crystal 344 401 Self-diffusion, in multiple regions 405—407 Self-diffusion, in poly-domain lamellar phase 349 Self-diffusion, in wheat grain endosperm 350 Self-diffusion, low dimensional 350 404 Self-diffusion, map 446 Self-diffusion, molecular organisation 342 Self-diffusion, near attractive centre 400—401 Self-diffusion, one- and two-dimensional 349 Self-diffusion, polymer entanglements 344 Self-diffusion, spectrum 336 Self-diffusion, tensor 335—344 Self-similarity 404 Sensitivity, enhancement 195—201 Sensitivity, relative 175—176 197 201 Sensitivity, resolution 16 Shadow profile 17 Shear rate 446 Shear thinning fluid 446 Shielded coils 471—477 Shift operation 8 Shim coils 93 signal 21 40 42 Signal suppression 69 290—296 Signal suppression, selective 292 Signal suppression, using inversion recovery method 292 Signal suppression, using spin lock pulses 294 Signal, averaging using modulus-squared spectral addition 481 Signal, co-additions 65 Signal, symmetrization 74 Signal-to-noise 65 173—178 Signal-to-noise enhancement, comparison of methods 197 Signal-to-noise enhancement, due to signal averaging 178 Signal-to-noise enhancement, for summed echoes 195 Signal-to-noise enhancement, in presence of smoothing filter 189 Signal-to-noise ratio see “Signal-to-noise” Signal-to-noise, comparison of FI and PR 184 Signal-to-noise, inductive losses 175 Signal-to-noise, sample losses 466 Signal-to-noise, time domain expression 178 Silicon imaging 296 Sine function 8 98 386 Sine modulation 101 Sine-sine pulse 117 Single quantum coherence 30 57 Single quantum combination state 57 Skin depth 175 Slice see also “Selective pulse” Slice, orientation 122 Slice, selection 98 Slice, selection and flow induced phase shift artefact 453 Slice, slice-selective presaturation 423 SLIM 288 Slow motion limit 64 Smoothing filter 185 Smoothing noise suppression factor 187—188 Snapshot-FLASH 436 Sodium imaging 296 297 Soft boundaries 400 Solid echo 84—85 see also “Echo” “Spin echo” Solid state 48 84—91 228 Solid state imaging 257—267 306—318 Solid state imaging, chemical shift 311 Solid state imaging, deuterium 218 Solid state imaging, dilute spins 307 Solid state imaging, Jeener — Broekhart echo 309 Solid state imaging, line-narrowing methods 310 Solid state imaging, MAS method 313 Solid state imaging, MREV-8 cycle 310 311 315 Solid state imaging, of protons 308 Solid state imaging, off-resonance problem 316 Solid state imaging, phase encoding 309 Solid state imaging, proton decoupling 307 Solid state imaging, scaling of Zeeman interaction 311 Solid state imaging, selective excitation of slices 308 Solid state imaging, sinusoidal gradients 311 Solid state imaging, susceptibility broadening 311 Space 117 288 Spatial frequency 8 15 spatial resolution see “Resolution” Spectral density 59 335 358 Spectrum of translational motion 335 Spherical harmonics 47 Spherical tensor formalism 56 Spin area density function 123 Spin density projection spectrum 183 Spin echo 65 69—75 105 133—138 Spin echo, effect of molecular motion 158 Spin echo, homonuclear scalar spin-spin interaction 72 Spin echo, molecular self-diffusion 157 Spin echo, negative time 128 Spin echo, sampling schemes 75 Spin evolution 35 Spin operators 47 Spin order 33 Spin relaxation see “Relaxation” Spin tagging 423 Spin warp imaging 123 Spin-locking 61 Spin-spin interaction 51 Spleen, red pulp 254 Spoiler gradient 117 Spoiler pulse 137 Star artefacts 18 20 Starling flow 446 Stationary ensemble 334 336 Stationary random flow 363—367 434 Steady State Free Precession (SSFP) 77—78 151 422—478 Stejskal — Tanner relationship 163 338 443 454 Stimulated echo 65 75—76 138—143 166 Stokes — Einstein law 342 Stroboscopic gating 420 434 435 SUBMERGE 292 Superconductive magnet 22 29 42 susceptibility 137 178 208—224 Susceptibility inhomogeneity 208—224 233 263 413 Susceptibility inhomogeneity, attenuation due to diffusional motion 209 217—221 416 Susceptibility inhomogeneity, avoidance of distortion effects 216 Susceptibility inhomogeneity, comparison with surface sink effects 414 Susceptibility inhomogeneity, distance scale 220 Susceptibility inhomogeneity, reconstruction artifacts in FI and PR 208—216 215 Susceptibility inhomogeneity, resolution loss 215 Susceptibility inhomogeneity, signature in spin relaxation 416 Susceptibility inhomogeneity, spin echo and gradient echo 220 Susceptibility, artefacts 209 240 261 Susceptibility, boundary effects 209 Susceptibility, change at an interface 416 Susceptibility, matching 242 Swelling disordering transition 259 Tagging and interrogation 423 Tensor, chemical shift 50 Tensor, diffusion see “Diffusion spectrum” Tensor, dipole interaction 47 Tensor, spatial and spin 47 Time and frequency domains in NMR spectroscopy 95 128 Toad ovum 251 Tobacco horn worm 249 Toggling frame 316 Tomography, computerized 4 Tomography, photon intensity 18 Tomography, whole body 22 Translational diffusion see “Self-diffusion” Transmitter power 57 Transverse plane 98 Trunction 8 Turbulent motion 337 362 451 Two quantum coherence see “Double quantum coherence” Unit cell 'form factor' 386 Using STEAM 141 Vascular tissue 431 Velocity compensation 357 Velocity correlation 334—337 353 368 Velocity resolution 421 422 423 429 Velocity shear 451 Velocity shear, effect of transverse self-diffusion 456 Velocity-dependent excitation 432 viscosity 344 Volume selective spectroscopy 287—290 VOSING 304 VOSY 119 Voxel 121 Voxel resolution 22 Water 229—232 Water, and fat signals 49 Water, and lipid distributions 249 Water, bound and free 231 232 Water, ingress 257 Water, intra-cellular and extra-cellar 233 Water, labeled 299 Water, proton NMR signal 229 Water, signal suppression 288 Waveform generator 461 WHH cycle 87 Wiener — Khintchine theorem 377 Wood 243 274 X-ray diffraction 3 X-ray tomography 1 16 20 18 95 X-ray tomography, polar raster 127 Xylem and phloem vessels 240 431 Zeeman interaction 28—29 48 70 Zeeman polarization 57 Zeolites 373 Zero quantum coherence 83 290
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