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Callaghan P. — Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Microscopy
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Название: Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance MicroscopyАвтор: Callaghan P. Аннотация: Although nuclear magnetic resonance is perhaps best known for its spectacular utility in medical tomography, its potential applicability to fields such as biology, materials science, and chemical physics is being increasingly recognized as laboratory NMR spectrometers are adapted to enable small scale imaging. This excellent introduction to the subject explores principles and common themes underlying two key variants of NMR microscopy, and provides many examples of their use. Methods discussed are not only important to fundamental biological and physical research, but have applications to a wide variety of industries, including those concerned with petrochemicals, polymers, biotechnology, food processing, and natural product processing. The wide range of scientists interested in NMR microscopy will want to own a copy of this book.
Язык: Рубрика: Физика /Статус предметного указателя: Готов указатель с номерами страниц ed2k: ed2k stats Год издания: 1991Количество страниц: 492Добавлена в каталог: 28.06.2005Операции: Положить на полку |
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Предметный указатель
Gradient, switching 470 Gradient, uniformity 454 Gradient, velocity encoding 429 433 gyromagnetic ratio 35 Hahn echo see “Spin echo” Hamiltonian 28 Hamiltonian, average 86—87 Hamiltonian, chemical shift 49—50 Hamiltonian, diagonal terms 35 Hamiltonian, dipolar 46—49 Hamiltonian, off-diagonal terms 48 Hamiltonian, quadrupole interaction 52—54 Hamiltonian, scalar spin-spin 50—51 Hamiltonian, secular terms 35 48 Hartmann — Hahn cross polarization 308 Heat diffusion analogy 374 Heterodyning 42 Heterogeneous solid/liquid systems 256 Heteronuclear coherence transfer 301 Hollow fibre bioreactor 457 Homogeneity-spoiling 76 Homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening 45—46 138 414—425 Human carotid artery 436 Human skin cells 254 Hydrodynamic radius 342 Hyperbolic secant modulation 10 Image, artefacts see “Artefacts” Image, convolution 135 Image, density 4 Image, distortion due to susceptibility inhomogeneity 208—217 Image, transmission 141 Imaging, absorption and emission 16 Imaging, line scanning 97 Imaging, of desired chemical species 282—287 Imaging, of solids 130 308—318 Imaging, one-dimensional 97 Imaging, three-dimensional 129—132 Implanted coils 247 Induced poles 209 INEPT 301—302 Insect microscopy 247—251 Interconnected box model 385 Inversion recovery 68—69 Ionic crystals 298 Irreducible tensor operators 56—57 ISIS 287 Jerk 354 k-space 94—95 123 k-space, cartesian and polar raster 122—128 k-space, combined k-space and q-space imaging 353 438 k-space, four quadrant sampling 440 k-space, quadrant 123 k-space, rapid sampling 147 k-space, symmetry 124 Kramers — Kronig relation 129 181 Larmor frequency 21 Laser Doppler anemometry 443 457 Lattice correlation 394 Lattice truncation 392 Lens aperture 14 Line narrowing 85 90 Linear systems and linear response 2 101 104 109 Linearly polarized oscillatory field 33 Liouville equation 31 Liquid crystals 49 344—348 Lithium imaging 296 Local field 414 Localized spectroscopy 117—120 Location correlation 336 357 368 Locust embryo 249 Lorentzian lineshape 42 48 185 Losses in the sample 175 470 LOSY 308 Macromolecules see “Polymer” Magic angle spinning 90 310—324 Magnetic dipole moment 21 28 Magnetic dipole-dipole interaction see “Dipolar interactions” Magnetization, extra-slice 110 Magnetization, for spins in thermal equilibrium 174 Magnetization, helix 436 Magnetization, nuclear 25 Magnetization, storage along z-axis 75 Magnetization, transfer 296 Magnetization, transport 167 Magnetization, transverse 31 143 Markov statistics 334 MAS imaging 313 Matched filter criterion 191 Matrix elements 32 Maximum entropy method 225 MBEST 156 Method of cumulants 355 Mica stack 374 Mice, NMR microscopy of 247 Microwave cooking 256 Mimosa 242 Modulus calculation 73—75 133 Moments of the Unewidth 48 Motional harmonics 435 MREV-8 90 311 Multi-slicing 110 138 Multicellular tumour spheroids 251 Multiple pulse line-narrowing 85—90 Multiple quantum coherence 54—56 306 Multiple quantum coherence, generation and recall 81 Multiple quantum coherence, quadrupolar interactions 83 Multiple quantum filter 67 80—83 288 Mutual diffusion 420 Mutual diffusion, of solvent in nylon 258 Mutual diffusion, of solvent in polymethylmethacrylate 258 Mutual diffusion, of solvents into solid polymer matrices 257 Natural rubber 263 266 Necrosis 251 Negative time acquisition 44 Neutron scattering and diffraction 330 332 340 Newtonian and non-newtonian fluids 446 Nitrogen imaging 296 NMR microscope system 461 NMR spectroscopy 22 Noise, baseline 454 Noise, e.m.f. 175 Noise, influence of smoothing filter 185 Noise, power 11 21 Non-invasive character of NMR microscopy 254 Non-linearity 106 109 Nuclear quadrupole moment 53 Nyquist theorem 11 Off-resonant behaviour 37 Operator, for angular momentum 27 Operator, off-diagonal 30 Operator, raising and lowering 27 Optical holographic relaxation 436 Optical microscope 4 8 12—15 20 22 Optimal bandwidth 193 OSIRIS 287 Oxygen imaging 299 Parenchyma cells 237 Partial saturation 65 Pelargonium 240 272 Perfusion 363 434 Periodic motion 420 Permeability of porous system 390 PGSE NMR 162—166 165 330—367 371—417 PGSE NMR, as a contrast in imaging 440 PGSE NMR, CPMG echo train 166 PGSE NMR, deuterium 342 PGSE NMR, dominant pore behaviour 412 PGSE NMR, echo attenuation for irregular one dimensional porous system 394 PGSE NMR, echo attenuation for pore glass 397—398 PGSE NMR, echo attenuation for regular one dimensional porous system 392 PGSE NMR, echo attenuation for spherical and rectangular restriction 374 PGSE NMR, echo signal 339 PGSE NMR, even and odd echo 449 PGSE NMR, finite pulse width 342 PGSE NMR, gradients needed to probe sub-micron dimensions 463 PGSE NMR, high gradient 461 PGSE NMR, in fractal volume 405 PGSE NMR, in lyotropic and thermotropic liquid crystals 346 PGSE NMR, influence of pore surface relaxation 411—413 PGSE NMR, influence of spin relaxation in heterogenous systems 407 PGSE NMR, lamellar and plug flow 342 PGSE NMR, large gradients 478 PGSE NMR, loss of phase information 380 PGSE NMR, low q limit for porous system 392 PGSE NMR, magnetization grating depiction 436—437 PGSE NMR, narrow pulse approximation 338 PGSE NMR, neutron scattering analogy 340 PGSE NMR, optical analogue of single slit and multiple slit diffraction 379 PGSE NMR, optical analogy 378 PGSE NMR, PGSE-MASSEY 481—482 PGSE NMR, phase shift 339 PGSE NMR, relationship with structural autocorrelation function 380 PGSE NMR, resolution 350—353 PGSE NMR, sample movement and gradient pulse mismatch 478 PGSE NMR, scattering analogy 337—341 PGSE NMR, selection based on compartment size 382—383 PGSE NMR, sinusoidal gradient modulation 359—361 PGSE NMR, sinusoidal modulation 359 PGSE NMR, spectrum of double pulse, CPMG, and sinusoidal gradient train 358—361 PGSE NMR, spin-locking pulses 166 PGSE NMR, use of a read gradient 479 PGSE NMR, using solid echoes 346 PGSE NMR, using stimulated echo 166 Phase, cycling 67—68 119 429 433 Phase, gradient 123—124 Phase, in-phase and quadrature signals 42 Phase, period 123 Phase, phase sensitive detection 34 42 Phase, rings in capillary flow 443 Phase, twist 109 436 Phosphorous imaging 296 Photon intensity tomography 16 20 Planck constant 21 26 Plant, imaging 237—245 Plant, inter-cellular air spaces 240 Plant, parenchyma cells 240 Plant, root 240 Plant, susceptibility artefacts 242 Plant, vascular tissue 240 Point spread function 13 185 186 Poiseuille velocity profile 443 Polarization 3 33 Polarization transfer 303—306 Polarized neutron scattering 330 Polarizing field 36 Polybutadiene 263 polycarbonate 318 Polycarbonate, polyethylene oxide 446 Polymer 39 61 Polymer, 235 Polymer, amorphous and crystalline regions 236 Polymer, beads 261 Polymer, binding agents 257 Polymer, conformation in high shear 451 Polymer, elastomeric solids 236 Polymer, entanglements 235 Polymer, internal motions 481 Polymer, melts 235 Polymer, random coil 383 405 Polymer, random coil and rigid rod 235 Polymer, semi-local motion 403 Polymer, spin relaxation 235 Polymer, tube model 400 Polymethylmethacrylate 259 polystyrene 257 318 Pore distribution in sandstone 263 Pore eccentricity measurement 383 Pore equilibration condition 390 Pore glass 393—398 Pore size distributions from multi-exponential relaxation data 411 Pore structure factor 392 394 399 Porosity measurement 383 Porous systems, connected pores 385—399 Porous systems, Gaussian envelope assumption 399 Porous systems, leakage from starting pore 394 Porous systems, pore equilibration condition 399 Porous systems, structure determination using PGSE NMR 399 Positron emission tomography 16 Power dissipation 138 Power law exponent 446 Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis 471 Precession 21 29 32 Precursor gradient pulse 136 Precursor tagging pulse 423 Principal axis system 50 Product operator formalism 32 85 Projection profiles 20 448 Projection reconstruction 18—20 124—128 Projection reconstruction, advantages and disadvantages with respect to FI 127 224 Projection reconstruction, spherical polar coordinates 130 Projection reconstruction, three dimensional 130—132 Proton 26 28 Proton, dipolar linewidth 307 Proton, relaxation enhancement 277 Proton, relaxation times in proteins, polypeptides, and carbohydrates 235 Proton, spin density map 1 Proton, water, lipid, and macromolecular NMR signals in plant and animal tissue 233 Pseudo-diffusion 363 367 Pulse repetition time 65 192 Pulsed Gradient Spin Echo NMR see “PGSE NMR” PVAc-emulsions 257 q-slices 441 q-space 340 337—353 q-space imaging principle 380 Quadrature detection 11 Quadrupole, asymmetry parameter 54 Quadrupole, interaction 54 Quadrupole, polarization 57 83 Quadrupole, precession 318 quantum mechanics 25—33 Quantum mechanics, angular momentum quantum number 25 Quantum mechanics, basis set 25 Quantum mechanics, bra and ket vectors 26 Quantum mechanics, commutation relationship 27 Quantum mechanics, eigenvalue equation 26 Quantum mechanics, expectation value 27 Quantum mechanics, observables 27 Quantum mechanics, operator 26 Quantum mechanics, probability 27 Quantum mechanics, representation 31 Quantum mechanics, Schroedinger equation 28 r.f. field and r.f. pulse see “Radiofrequency” Radio transmission and radio waves 21 Radiofrequency (r.f) 37 Radiofrequency (r.f), bandwidth of pulse 57 98 100 Radiofrequency (r.f), broadband pulse 98 Radiofrequency (r.f), circularly polarized component 35 Radiofrequency (r.f), coil 461 466 Radiofrequency (r.f), coil configuration in electromagnets and superconducting magnets 463 Radiofrequency (r.f), direction 37 Radiofrequency (r.f), duration 57 Radiofrequency (r.f), hard pulse 98 Radiofrequency (r.f), magnetic field 21 Radiofrequency (r.f), modulation 99—101 461 Radiofrequency (r.f), non-linearity 461 Radiofrequency (r.f), non-selective 98 Radiofrequency (r.f), phase 37 Radiofrequency (r.f), radiation 21 Radiofrequency (r.f), receiver 42 Radiofrequency (r.f), reference axis 37
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