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Callaghan P. — Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Microscopy
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Íàçâàíèå: Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance MicroscopyÀâòîð: Callaghan P. Àííîòàöèÿ: Although nuclear magnetic resonance is perhaps best known for its spectacular utility in medical tomography, its potential applicability to fields such as biology, materials science, and chemical physics is being increasingly recognized as laboratory NMR spectrometers are adapted to enable small scale imaging. This excellent introduction to the subject explores principles and common themes underlying two key variants of NMR microscopy, and provides many examples of their use. Methods discussed are not only important to fundamental biological and physical research, but have applications to a wide variety of industries, including those concerned with petrochemicals, polymers, biotechnology, food processing, and natural product processing. The wide range of scientists interested in NMR microscopy will want to own a copy of this book.
ßçûê: Ðóáðèêà: Ôèçèêà /Ñòàòóñ ïðåäìåòíîãî óêàçàòåëÿ: Ãîòîâ óêàçàòåëü ñ íîìåðàìè ñòðàíèö ed2k: ed2k stats Ãîä èçäàíèÿ: 1991Êîëè÷åñòâî ñòðàíèö: 492Äîáàâëåíà â êàòàëîã: 28.06.2005Îïåðàöèè: Ïîëîæèòü íà ïîëêó |
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Ïðåäìåòíûé óêàçàòåëü
Absorption imaging 18—20 Acceleration 354 Acetabularia 242 Active shielding 471—472 Adhesives 257 Aerosol OT 349 Aliasing 11 Anderson — Weiss theory 63 415 Angiography 423 433 Angular momentum, quantization 21 Angular momentum, vector 35 Animal tissue, imaging 244—254 Animal tissue, spectrum of proton relaxation times 233—234 Anisotropic diffusion 344—350 Apodization filter 185—189 Apparent diffusion coefficient 372—373 Artefacts 5 209 Artefacts, chemical shift 278—280 Artefacts, diffusion 451 456 Artefacts, gradient induced phase shifts 452—456 Artefacts, phase 453 Artefacts, zero-filling 453—454 Autocorrelation function 334 376 Average propagator 332 Average propagator for diffusion and flow 333 Average propagator for restricted diffusion in the long timescale limit 376—380 Back-projection 20 Bandwidth 11 Bandwidth, of r.f. pulse 57 Bandwidth, optimal 191—192 Belosov — Zhabotinsky reaction 276 Best 155 Binomial sequence 292 294 Bipolar gradient 355 426 436 Bloch decay 48 306 Bloch equations 39 Bloch vector 53 Bolus tagging 423 Broadening regimes 185 Brownian motion 157—162 331—334 Brownstein — Tarr model 408—413 Bryophyllwn tubiflore 237 Capillary flow 443—446 Carbon imaging 301—306 Cardiac cycle 434 Cardiac gating 247 Carr — Purcell echo train 65 Carr — Purcell — Meiboom — Gill (CPMG) sequence 75—76 Cartesian and polar coordinates 19 122 CE-FAST 151—152 422 Cell imaging 251—254 Central limits theorem 159 Ceramics 257 Chapman — Kolmogoroff equations 406 Chemical exchange magnetic resonance imaging 296 Chemical selection 98 141—143 283—287 Chemical shift 49—50 Chemical Shift Imaging 280—282 Chemical shift, artefacts 278—280 Chemical shift, contrast and higher-dimensional strategy 280—281 Chemical shift, image displacement 278 Chemical shift, isotropic 50 Chemical shift, selective multislice images 141 Chemical shift, tensor 50 Chemical waves 276 Chemically selective excitation see “Chemical selection” Chess 141 283 287 Chromatographic and electrophoretic separation 458 Coherence 32—33 Coherence peaks 392 398 Coherence time for turbulence 363—367 451 Coherence transfer 79—85 288 301—304 Coherent noise cancellation 67 Coherent superposition 13 Collimated sources 17 Conditional probability 330—332 406 438 Conditional probability flux 331 Conjugate space 2—4 18 Connection matrix 388—389 Continuity theorem 331 contrast 22 25 267—296 Contrast, 277 Contrast, 270—277 Contrast, 271 Contrast, agents 277—278 Contrast, chemical shift 278—287 Contrast, factor 97 Convolution 8—9 45 135 386 Convolution, broadening 14 74 Convolution, due to apodization filter 186 Convolution, integral 8 20 Convolution, theorem 8 Correlation function 415 see “Self-correlation Correlation function, dipolar 60 Correlation function, fluctuating field 415 Correlation function, lattice 394 Correlation function, Van Hove 330 Correlation function, velocity 335—337 correlation length 363 394 414 Correlation regularity 393 Correlation time 335 414 416 Correlation time, exchange 231 Correlation time, for translation 335 Correlation time, rotational 61 230 Couette flow 362 CPMAS 317 CRAMPS 310 313 Crusher pulses 137 Cryofluid freezing 277 Current control 463 Curvilinear diffusion 401—403 Cyclops 67—68 430 Dante 120—121 308 426 438 Demagnetizing field 209 Density matrix 31 Deuterium imaging 299 318 diamagnetic susceptibility 208—224 Diffraction 3—4 Diffraction, analogy 337—341 386—399 Diffraction, effect 398 Diffraction, intensity 3 Diffraction, pattern 13 Diffraction, phase problem 3 Diffraction, scattering centres 4 Diffusion see also “Self-diffusion” “Mutual “Pseudo-diffusion” Diffusion, artefact 451 Diffusion, bounded 337 Diffusion, dephasing and echo attenuation effects 201 204—206 217—224 Diffusion, in polymer gels 401 Diffusion, restricted 328 346 371—401 449 Diffusion, resulting point spread function 204 Diffusion, spectrum 335 344 357 Diffusion, tensor see “Diffusion spectrum” Diffusive broadening 204 Diffusive broadening, influence according to k-space direction 206 Diffusive contrast 434 438—458 Diffusive envelope 392 Diffusive linewidth see “Diffusive broadening” Diffusive resolution limit 205 Digger 117 287 Diode duplexor 461 Dipolar interactions 46—49 58—64 306 Dipolar line-narrowing 85—91 Dipolar linewidth 86 Dirac delta function 4 dispersion 43 73 129 Dispersion, image 133 Dispersion, spectrum 43 73 129 Distortion 124 209—217 224—225 Double quantum coherence 54—57 290 318 Driven Equilibrium Fourier Transform method 79 Droplet size distribution 350 382 Dynamic displacement 332 339—341 Dynamic displacement profile 440—441 449 451 Dynamic equilibrium 65 77—79 Dynamic NMR microscopy 438—457 Dynamic NMR microscopy, contrast 440 Dynamic NMR microscopy, digital computation 441 Dynamic NMR microscopy, resolution 438 Dynamic nuclear polarization 308 Dynamic viscosity 443 e.m.f. induced in the receiver coil 174—177 echo see also “Gradient echo” “Solid “Spin “Stimulated Echo attenuation 157—169 328 Echo attenuation, 'pathological' 387 Echo attenuation, Carr — Purcell train 161 Echo attenuation, diffusion and flow 164 Echo attenuation, steady gradient 160 Echo planar imaging 152—157 435 Echo planar imaging, comparison with FLASH 157 Echo planar imaging, diffusive effects 206—208 Echo planar imaging, echo summation 143 147 194—197 Echo planar imaging, optimum conditions 208 Echo planar imaging, optimum sensitivity 147 Echo planar imaging, raster 153 Echo planar imaging, unequal sampling intervals 156 Echo planar imaging, with bipolar encoding gradient 436 Echo summation 143 147 194—197 Echo summation, diffusive effects 206—208 Echo summation, optimum conditions 208 Echo summation, optimum sensitivity 147 Echo, even and odd 366 Echo, negative time 128 Echo, spin and gradient 105 113 116 Eddy currents 470—471 Eddy gradient compensation and suppression 471 Effective field 37 98 Effective gradient 167—168 354 428 433 Elastomer, imaging 263—267 Elastomer, spin echo and gradient echo imaging 267 Elastomer, structural morphology 267 Electric quadrupole interactions 25 Electron spin resonance 22 Embryogenesis 251 Emission imaging 17 21 energy levels 30 Ensemble averaging 25 31 Epoxy resin composites 257 Ernst angle 66 Erythrocyte membrane permeability 233 Evolution, during selective excitation 102—113 Evolution, of a nuclear spin quantum state 28 Evolution, of polarization states 72 81—85 301—306 Evolution, of the density matrix 31 Evolution, operator 28 Evolution, time 97 Evolution, under effective gradient 353—357 Evolution, with average Hamiltonian 87—90 Exchange 221 232 296 298 408 Exponential filter 185—186 Extreme narrowing 61 Fade 152 422 FAST 151 422 Fast motion limit 64 Fast-exchange averaging 221 FI and PR 18—20 122—128 FI and PR, comparison of methods 224 Fick's law 331 FID see “Free Induction Decay” Field inhomogeneity 45 Filter, bandpass 11 Filter, optimal 186 Filtered back projection see “Projection reconstruction” “FI Filtered profile 127 Filtered transform 20 129 FISP 152 Flash 148—149 435 FLASH, advantages 149 FLASH, relaxation contrast 149 FLASH, snapshot 149 FLASH, spoiled 149 FLEET 152 Flow measurement 163—169 341—342 421—449 Flow measurement, direct visualization of motion 426 Flow measurement, effect of gradient non-uniformity 455 Flow measurement, effect of self-diffusion 433 Flow measurement, nulling the stationary signal component 429 Flow measurement, periodic motion 434 Flow measurement, phase shift 420 426—424 Flow measurement, range of velocities 421 Flow measurement, replenishment effects 446 Flow measurement, slice selection gradient effects 421 Flow measurement, steady state 420 422 Flow measurement, time of night 420 423—426 Flow measurement, using CPMG train 435 Flow measurement, using DANTE sequence 426 Flow measurement, using stimulated echo 423 Flow, compensation using even echoes 449 Flow, random 362—367 Flow, suppression of phase shifts 435 Flow, through porous media 363 Flow, visualization 362 Fluorine imaging 296 Forced rayleigh scattering 436 Form factor 392 Fourier filtration 18 20 Fourier imaging 122—124 Fourier transformation 2—8 13 94—95 Fourier transformation, antisymmetric 12 Fourier transformation, Cartesian coordinates 95 Fourier transformation, complex transformation 11 Fourier transformation, conjugate transformations 10 Fourier transformation, conjugate variables 2 Fourier transformation, Cooley and Tukey 11 Fourier transformation, discrete 10—11 Fourier transformation, in dynamic NMR microscopy 441 Fourier transformation, inverse 8 20 95 Fourier transformation, inverse in polar form 127 Fourier transformation, one-dimensional 19 Fourier transformation, optical microscopy 12—15 Fourier transformation, real and imaginary 11—12 Fourier transformation, relationship between average propagator and echo amplitude 340 Fractal behaviour 404—405 Fractal dimension 405 Free induction decay (FID) 42—43 Free Induction Decay (FID), Gaussian 48 Frequency domain 95 Full — Width — Half — Maximum 42 Full — Width — Half — Maximum of dynamic, displacement profile 442 Gadolinium-diethylene-triaminepenta-acetic acid 278 Gaussian, assumption 356 Gaussian, lineshape 48 Gaussian, pulses 100 Geen et al pulse 116 Gradient coil 461—463 Gradient coil, double and single screening 470—477 Gradient coil, gradient uniformity under screening 475 Gradient coil, saddle, Maxwell pair, quadrupolar, Helmholtz, and planar 470 475 Gradient coil, target field approach 474 Gradient, current 461—465 Gradient, echo 105 113—125 136—138 Gradient, frequency domain treatment 358 Gradient, linearity 463 Gradient, modulated 353—362 Gradient, phase cycling 429 431 Gradient, power supplies 463 Gradient, pulse matching 452 Gradient, reversal 113 138 Gradient, rise time 137 470—471 Gradient, spectrum 358
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