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Douglas Clark C.H. — The basis of modern atomic theory
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Íàçâàíèå: The basis of modern atomic theoryÀâòîð: Douglas Clark C.H. Àííîòàöèÿ: T HE purpose of this volume is to provide a clear account of the general experimental and logical basis of recent atomic theories. CO!lve"rsations with students prove that many who are familiar with atomic models fail to appreciate the experimental background, but that, when explanations are offered, no difficulty exists in arousing interest. Some time ago, the author read a paper entitled" Atoms" before a Society composed mainly of students, and the measure of success which, in spite of difficulties, attended this effort, encouraged him to believe that something further ll1ight be attempted with advantage. The result is embodied in the present \vork, \vhere very little previous knowledge is assumed. The argument goes back to Dalton's theory, from which point the subject is carefully reasoned, the relevant experimental work being quoted at each step. Attention has been specially paid to certain points which, though evidently essential to the argument, appear to have been insufficiently emphasised hitherto.
ßçûê: Ðóáðèêà: Ôèçèêà /Ñòàòóñ ïðåäìåòíîãî óêàçàòåëÿ: Ãîòîâ óêàçàòåëü ñ íîìåðàìè ñòðàíèö ed2k: ed2k stats Èçäàíèå: 1st editionÃîä èçäàíèÿ: 1926Êîëè÷åñòâî ñòðàíèö: 292Äîáàâëåíà â êàòàëîã: 09.08.2009Îïåðàöèè: Ïîëîæèòü íà ïîëêó |
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Ïðåäìåòíûé óêàçàòåëü
Abegg 214 265 Abegg’s 214—5 Absorption bands, edges of 146—7 203—5 Acetic acid, structure of 224—5 242 247 Acetylacetone compounds 248—9 Acids, definition of 239 Action, Planck’s quantum of 134—5 145—7 180 Action, Planck’s quantum of, unit of 188—9 Adam 75 80 Affinity, chemical, transmission in chains 242—5 Affinity, chemical, transmission in residual 246—8 Agglomeration theory 138 Aliphatic compounds, X-ray spectra of 74—5 Alpha particles, charges of 89 Alpha particles, effects of, passing through matter 90—2 100—1 159-61 Alpha particles, elm ratio for 88 Alpha particles, identical with helium nuclei, p 92 Alpha particles, mass of 89 159 Alpha particles, neutralized, in nuclei 117 120 161—2 Alpha particles, shape of, no 166 Alpha particles, size of 110 Alpha particles, Tracks of 90—2 Alpha particles, velocities of 88 Alpha rays 82 87 Alpha rays, scattering of, by gases 92—3 105 Alternate induced polarities, effect of 242—5 Aluminium, specific heat of 141—2 Andrade 95 99 112 122 164—5 281 Angular momentum, velocity 179 183 187 Anticathode 58 Arc spectra 172—4 Aronberg 112 122 Arrhenius 22 39 149 156 Astbury 74— 79 80 Aston 55—8 77 113 116 122 159 281 Atomic diameter, definition of 16 Atomic diameter, determination of 16 17 Atomic heat of argon 7 137 150 Atomic kernel 214 Atomic models, Bohr’s 175 Atomic models, Bury’s 232 Atomic models, Langmuir’s 222 Atomic models, Lewis 213 Atomic models, Thomson’s 168 220 Atomic models, types of 157—8 Atomic nature of electricity 23 Atomic nuclei 92 100—1 Atomic nuclei as dipolar spheres 245 Atomic nuclei, charges of 103—9 115 Atomic nuclei, energy levels in radioactive 164—5 Atomic nuclei, masses of 92 109 115 Atomic nuclei, negative electrons in 109 Atomic nuclei, parts of 159—62 Atomic nuclei, sizes of 109 Atomic nuclei, stability of 118 Atomic nuclei, structure of 165—6 Atomic number, definition of 102 Atomic number, significance of 102—11 119 Atomic sheath 214 Atomic shells 222—3 Atomic weights 3 Atoms, absolute mass of 5 13—14 Atoms, Dalton’s theory of 1—3 Atoms, high frequency spectra of 106—9 112—3 Atoms, optical spectra of 108 112 172—4 200—1 207 209 Avogadro number 4 13—5 34 136 Avogadro number, hypothesis of 4—5 15 Baeyer 166 Balmer 172 210 Balmer series 172 175—6 Barkla 103 105 121 155 Barlow 61 Barratt 210 Bartlett 78 Bases, definition of 239 Becker 153 Becquerel 81 96 97 Begeman 29 Bell 210 Benedicks 138 154 Bernal 79 Bernouilli 1 5 261 Berzelius 60 Beta rays 82 93—5 Beta rays, origin of 94 163 Beta rays, tracks of 94—5 Beta rays, velocities of 94 Bieler 166 167 Bishop 20 Bjerrum 154 Black body 6 130—1 Blackett 93 98 Blanc 122 Blondlot 59 77 Bodlander 265 Bodoszewski 9 Bohr 18 34 112 3 122 158 175 Bohr theory, general, of atomic structure 205—9 Bohr theory, of line spectra 175 Bolometer 132 Boltwood 98 Boltzmann 6 Born 69 78 262 268 Bosanquet 262 268 Bothe 99 Bowen 231 265 Boyle 1 2 Boyle’s law 1 5 Bozorth 79 Brackett 172—3 Bragg, W. H. 38 40 62 3 78 79 282 Bragg, W. L. 62—6 78 79 168-9 210 231 262 266 268 282 Bravais 61 Briggs 213 268 Brockman 252 267 Broek, van den 102 120 Bronsted 114 122 Brown 9 Brownian movement 8 Bucherer 37 40 94 98 Burgess 246 267 Burton 15 20 Bury 232 266 Calcite, crystalline structure of 72 Campbell 268 279 Cannizaro 4 19 Carbonelle 9 Carbonyls 249 Carnot 273—4 Carnot’s principle 273—4 Cassini 261 Cassinian ovals 261 Cathode rays 50—3 Caven 241 266 Chadwick 109 121 166 166 167 Characteristic x-rays 59 103 106—9 Charles 5 Charles’ law 5 Chelate groups 255 Chemical affinity, transmission in chains 242—5 Chwolson 166 167 Circular orbits (Hydrogen) 176 186—9 Circular orbits (Hydrogen), energy associated with 177 Circular orbits (Hydrogen), periodic times of 187 194—5 Circular orbits (Hydrogen), radii of 186 Clausius 16—7 22 Cluster theory 47 Co-ordination, centric and cyclic 255 Co-ordination, chelate 255 Co-ordination, numbers 248—9 252-4 Co-ordination, Sidgwick’s rule concerning 253—4 Co-ordination, valency of radicals in 248 250—1 Collie 278 280 Colloidal solutions 9 14 Combination relationships 164—5 169 173—5- Comolecules 227 Compounds 2 Compounds, complete and incomplete 224—5 Compounds, spectra of 171 Compounds, structures of 212 seq. Compton 153 156 Constitutive properties of atoms 221 Contravalency 215 Correspondence principle 205 Coster 121 211 267 Covalency 224 Cranston 282 Crehore 166 167 Crookes 8 19 49—51 77 83—4 97 Crossed polarities 255 Crowther 99 104 281 Crystal structure, data for inorganic crystals 65—72 Crystal structure, determination of (Braggs) 62 seq. Crystal structure, determination of (Hull) 76 Crystal structure, determination of (Laue) 61—2 Crystal structure, organic crystals 72—6 Crystallography, principles of 59 63 Cunningham 19 33 Curie, Mme 81 93 96 97 98 123 Curie, P. 81 93 96 97 98 123 256—7 267 Dabrowski 20 Dalton 1—4 Dalton’s Atomic Theory 1—3 Danysz 166 Darwin 76 80 104 119 121 123 167 Dauvillier 254 Davey 78 79 de Broglie 9 12 20 34 155 203—5 211 Debus 18 Debye 69 78 79 80 141 155 262 268 Degrees of freedom 6—7 136—40 Delta rays 95 Demargay 81 96 Dempster 58 77 116 122 Dependence of reaction velocity on temperature 149 Diamagnetism 256 Diamond, crystal structure of 67 70—1 Diamond, specific heat of 141—3 Differential Calculus, applicability of 272—3 Diffusion coefficient 42 45—6 Disintegration, artificial 159—62 Disintegration, radioactive 81 seq. Dolejsek 121 Dorn 97 Double bond, explanation of, in octet theory 217 Duane 155 156 Dulong 7 139 141 Duplets 223 Dushman 149 156 Eastman 237 252 266 Eddington 279 Edlund 237 266 Effective atomic numbers 250—1 Effective atomic numbers of complex compounds 252—3 255 Ehrenfest 122 Ehrenhaft 34 40 Einstein 12 19 136 140—8 151-3 154 155 269—72 279 281 Einstein’s law of 145 Electric discharge in gases 49—50 Electricity, atomic nature of 23 seq. Electrolysis 21—3 Electromagnetic mass 36—8 94 274 Electromagnetic theory of light 129—30 Electromagnetic waves 59 125—30 Electronic charge, evaluation of (Millikan) 29 35 Electronic charge, evaluation of (Planck) 136 Electronic charge, evaluation of (Rutherford) 34 88—9 Electronic charge, evaluation of (Thomson) 27 Electronic charge, evaluation of (Townsend) 25—7 Electronic charge, evaluation of (Wilson) 27—9 Electronic theory of valency 214 seq. Electronic theory of valency, conclusions of 264 Electrons 23 36—9 Electrons in matter, evidence for existence of 49 53 94 100—1 Electrons, angular velocity of 179 183 187 Electrons, distribution of, among sub-groups 208 254—5 258 Electrons, effective mass of 177 8 Electrons, e\m ratio for negative 36—7 51-2 Electrons, lone pairs of 239 Electrons, vibrations of 129 135—6 Electrovalency 224 Element, definition of 2 117—8 Elementary chaos 6 Elements, high frequency spectra of 106—9 Elements, periodic classification of 17 seq. Elements, transmutation of 85 277—8 Elliptic orbits (Hydrogen) 189 seq. Elliptic orbits (Hydrogen), eccentricity of 193 Elliptic orbits (Hydrogen), energy of 192—3 198 Elliptic orbits (Hydrogen), geometrical properties of 193—7 Elliptic orbits (Hydrogen), precession of 198—9 Ellis 94 99 163—5 167 Elster 41 Energy, distribution of, among wavelengths 131—5 Energy, dualistic theory of 274 Energy, electronic, in orbit 177—8 Energy, mass of 270—1 274 Enright 25 39 entropy 6 Equipartition law 6—7 136—40 Errors, law of 6 Eucken 137 154 Fabry 171 Fajans 69 78 118 120 123 260 268 Faraday 22—4 39 49 126—7 153 256 Federow, von 61 Ferro-magnetism 256 Fine structure of hydrogen lines 189—90 196 198—200 Fitzgerald 153 Fletcher 12 20 Fluorine molecule, octet structure of 216—7 Fluorspar, crystal structure of 67 7 Flurscheim 242—3 266 Foote 202 211 Foppl 221 Foucault 124 Fowler 77 210 229 265 Franck 147 155 202 211 Frankenheim 61 Free valencies 247 Freedom, degrees of 6—7 136—40 Frequency of atomic vibrations 141—2 Fresnel 130 Frictional electrification, nature of 127 Friedrich 61 78 Gamma rays 82 95 Gas equation 5 Gas equation, ions 25—30 41-9 Gaseous conduction 41—9 Gases, liquefaction of 8—9 Gases, mean free path in 16—17 Gases, molecular speeds in 16 Gases, viscosity of 16—17 Gay Lussac 3—4 18 Geiger 34 90—1 97 98 99 104-5 121 Geitel 41 General effect of substitution in organic compounds 241—2 General theory of atomic structure (Bohr) 205—9 Giesel 97 Goldstein 53
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