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Douglas Clark C.H. — The basis of modern atomic theory
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Íàçâàíèå: The basis of modern atomic theoryÀâòîð: Douglas Clark C.H. Àííîòàöèÿ: T HE purpose of this volume is to provide a clear account of the general experimental and logical basis of recent atomic theories. CO!lve"rsations with students prove that many who are familiar with atomic models fail to appreciate the experimental background, but that, when explanations are offered, no difficulty exists in arousing interest. Some time ago, the author read a paper entitled" Atoms" before a Society composed mainly of students, and the measure of success which, in spite of difficulties, attended this effort, encouraged him to believe that something further ll1ight be attempted with advantage. The result is embodied in the present \vork, \vhere very little previous knowledge is assumed. The argument goes back to Dalton's theory, from which point the subject is carefully reasoned, the relevant experimental work being quoted at each step. Attention has been specially paid to certain points which, though evidently essential to the argument, appear to have been insufficiently emphasised hitherto.
ßçûê: Ðóáðèêà: Ôèçèêà /Ñòàòóñ ïðåäìåòíîãî óêàçàòåëÿ: Ãîòîâ óêàçàòåëü ñ íîìåðàìè ñòðàíèö ed2k: ed2k stats Èçäàíèå: 1st editionÃîä èçäàíèÿ: 1926Êîëè÷åñòâî ñòðàíèö: 292Äîáàâëåíà â êàòàëîã: 09.08.2009Îïåðàöèè: Ïîëîæèòü íà ïîëêó |
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Gouy 9 19 Graphite, crystal structure of 72 Gravitation, theory of 271 Griineisen 154 Grindley 75 80 Groth, von 60 Group displacement law 118—9 Guglielmini 59—60 Guldberg 5 19 Hafnium, discovery of 108 Hahn, iii 121 166 Haiiy 59—60 Haiiy’s crystal theory 59—60 Hallwachs 144 155 Hantzsrh 247 267 Harkins 98 112 122 162 166 Harrington 34 Hartree 265 Hedges 20 Helium, ionized, optical line spectra of 173 Helmholtz 23 39 Henri 79 Henry 2 Henstock 245 267 Hertz, G. 147 202 211 Hertz, H. 100 125 128 144 153 155 Hertz’s radiation experiments 128 Herzfeld 38 40 Heterobares and heterotopes 117 Hevesy, von 114 121 122 123 High frequency spectra of elements 106—9 Holst 281 Hull, A. W. 79 80 229 265 Hull, G. F. 280 Hunt 155 Hydrogen, structure of (Bohri) 75 seq. Hydrogen, valency of 246 Hydrpgen, molecular heat of 137—9 Hydrpgen, optical spectra of 172—5 19 Hyman 111—2 122 1 96 99 Ice, crystal structure of 71—2 Induction 126—8 Ingold 154 Intrinsic properties of atoms 221 Ionic mobility in gases 42 Ionic mobility in gases, determination of (Langevin) 44—5 Ionic mobility in gases, determination of (Rutherford) 43—4- Ionic mobility in gases, effect of pressure on 47 8 Ionic molecules 212 Ionization frequency 188—9 Ionization frequency in gases, mechanism of 41—9 Ionization frequency of acids and bases, mechanism of 239—40 Ionization frequency, intramolecular, theory of 130 212—3 232-8 Ionization frequency, potential 188 201 Ionization frequency, solution, theory of 22—3 Ionization frequency, wave-length 189 Ionized and non-ionized linkages 260 seq. Ions in gases, charges of 24—5 Ions in gases, produced by cathode rays 95 146 Ions in gases, radium rays 27 81—3 146 Ions in gases, ultraviolet light 27 144—6 Ions in gases, X-rays 27 41—6 59 146 Irion 278 280 Isobares 95 114—8 Isobaric isotopes 117 Isomerism, nuclear 117 Isomorphism 60 229 Isosteres 227 229 Isothermal equilibrium 131 Isotopes 55—8 111-8 Isotopes, classes of 117 Isotopes, separation of 114 Isotopes, spectra of 112—3 115 Jahnke 131 James 262 268 Johnstone Stoney 23—4 39 59 77 276 278 280 Joule 16 K-rays 103 106—8 169—70 Kaufmann 37 52 94 98 Kaye 106 Keetman, in 121 Kermack 243 267 Key atoms 243 Kinetic theory of gases 5—13 15—17 Kinoshita 121 Kirchoff 130 131 Knipping 61 78 Knorr 260 262 268 Kohlweiler 114 122 Kopff 279 Kossel 203 211 214 218—21 238-9 262 265 Kramers 281 Kratzer 113 122 Kroo 268 Kurlbaum 131 154 Kuss 266 L-rays 103 106—8 169—70 Ladenburg 154 Lande 69 78 262 268 Lang, von 60 Langevin 19 44—5 76 77 256-7 267 280 Langley 132 154 Langmuir 75 78 80 158 211 222 Lantsberry 98 Laplace 25 Lapworth 243—5 266 267 Latimer 246 267 Laub 279 Laue 61—2 78 Laurie 263 268 Lavoisier 25 Law of atomic diameters 168—9 231 2 Law of atomic diameters, Boyle 1 5 Law of atomic diameters, Charles 5 Law of atomic diameters, combining volumes 3 4 Law of atomic diameters, conservation of energy 274—5 Law of atomic diameters, conservation of mass 274—5 Law of atomic diameters, constant composition 3 Law of Dulong and Petit 7 139 141 Law of Dulong and Petit force (Thomson’s) 221 Law of Dulong and Petit, equipartition of energy 6—7 136—9 Law of Dulong and Petit, errors 6 Law of Dulong and Petit, group displacement 118—20 Law of Dulong and Petit, inverse square, no 158 165 180 201 Law of Dulong and Petit, mass action 5 Law of Dulong and Petit, multiple proportions 2—3 Law of Dulong and Petit, photochemical equivalence 147—8 Law of Dulong and Petit, photoelectric effect 145 Law of Dulong and Petit, radiation (Planck) 135 Law of Dulong and Petit, radiation (Rayleigh) 132 Law of Dulong and Petit, radiation (Wien) 132 Law of Dulong and Petit, rational indices 59—60 Law of Dulong and Petit, Stokes 11—12 25 Law of Dulong and Petit, velocity distribution among molecules 6 8 132 140 149— Le Bel 70—1 Lead, specific heat of 141—3 Lebedew 50 274 280 Lenard 50 77 144—6 155 Levels of extranuclear electrons 168—70 204—7 254—5 258 Levels within radioactive nuclei 162—5 Lewis, G. N. 158 212 239 259 264 279 Lewis, W. 149 156 Light, corpuscular theory of 124—5 Light, interference of 124—5 145 152 Light, quantum theory of 134 seq. Light, wave theory of 125—6 129—30 Light-quanta 136 143—7 153 Lindemann 141—2 155 Line spectra 172 seq. Lines of force 126—7 Linkages, ionized and non-ionized 260 seq. Linkages, types of 262 Linss 41 Lithium fluoride, octet structure of 216 Livens 181 210 Lockyer 89 Lodge 25 105 121 182 210 276 280 282 Loeb 77 Loomis 113 122 Lorentz 94 156 279 Lowry 19 224 232—42 246—7 249 255 265 266 267 Lucretius 1 Lummer 131 133—4 154 Lyman 172—3 M-rays 103 169—70 Magnetic susceptibilities 256 Magnetic susceptibilities of nitric oxide and oxygen 257 Magnetic susceptibilities, organic compounds 260 Magnetic velocity line spectra 162—5 Magnetism, theory of (Langevin) 256 Magnetism, theory of (Oxley) 258—60 Magnetism, theory of (Weiss) 256—7 Magneton (Bohr) 257 Magneton (Weiss) 257 Magneton numbers 257—8 Main Shith 247 254—5 267 282 Marcelin 149 156 Marckwald, in 121 Marsden 90—3 98 104—5 121 Marsh 210 Mass of atoms, absolute 5 13—14 34 Mass of energy 270—1 274 Mass-spectrograph 56—7 Matter and energy, relation between 36 275 Maxwell 6 8 16—17 19 23—4 129-30 154 Mayer 168 McKeown 156 McLennan 153 265 Mean free path in gases 16 33 Mean molecular speeds in gases 16 Mechanism of chemical reaction 148—50 Meisenheimer 233 Meitner 94 98 99 117 120 123 161—2 166 167 Mercury, orbital motion of 198 272 Merton 112 122 210 Metals, crystal structure of 71 Meyer 87 97 Michelson 171 210 269—70 279 Michelson — Morley experiment 269—70 Micrometer, network 9 Miethe 278 280 Millikan 9 20 29 39 40 145 155 156 206 211 231 265 282 Minkowski 270 279 Mitscherlich 60 Mixed bonds 233 Molecular theory 4 Molecules 3—13 15—17 Moment of momentum 179 Monomolecular reactions 5—6 148-9 more 279 Moreau 34 Morgan 247 255 260—1 267 268 Morley 4 19 269—70 279 Morphotropy 60 Moseley 106—9 Muller 74—5 80 Multiple scattering of alpha rays 90 N-rays 103 169 Naphthalene, crystal structure of 73 Nernst 141 155 Neuburger 117 122 Newton 1 124 269 271—2 Nichols 280 Nicholson 253 Nicol 121 Nitrogen molecule, Kossel’s structure for 220 Nitrogen molecule, octet structure of 225—6 Noddack 148 156 Norrish 148 156 237 266 Nuclear isomerism 117 Nuttall 105 121 Octet theories 215 seq. Octets, stability of 243 Optical activity and crystal structure 74 Orbital precession 198—9 Orbital precession of Mercury 198 272 Orbits, spatial 263 Organic acids, effect of halogen substitution 241—2 Oxley 258—60 268 Oxygen molecule, octet structure of 217 Paneth 122 Paramagnetism 256 Pascal 260 Paschen 154 172—3 229 265 Pasteur 74 Patterson 278 280 Pauli 257 267 Period of average life 85—6 Periodic system of the elements 17—18 111—2 114 118—20 168 205—8 214-5 Perot 171 Perrin 9 12 13—15 17 19 20 34 51 77 148—9 156 281 Petalons 166 Petit 7 139 141 Phosphorescence 144 146 Photo-electrons 144—6 Photochemical reactions 147—50 Pier 7 137 154 Piper 75 80 Pirogoff 6 Pohl 59 78 Poincare 152 156 280 Polarities, alternating 242—5 Polarities, crossed 255 Porter 15 20 Posnjak 79 Postulates of Bohr’s theory 180 Postulates of Langmuir’s theory 223 Postulates of Lewis’ theory 214—8 Powder method of investigating, crystal structure 76 Prideaux 234 266 Priess 266 Principal valencies 215 Principle, Carnot’s 273—4 Pringsheim 131 133—4 154 Probability, use of 6 135 Proton 36—8 Prout 4 55 58 Prout’s hypothesis 55 Quant theory 143 seq. Quantization, space 257—8 Quantum mechanism (Whittaker) 260 Quantum numbers 180 Quantum numbers, azimuthal 191 Quantum numbers, inner 257 Quantum numbers, radial 192 Quantum numbers, total 192 Quantum of action (Planck) 134—5 145 Quantum theory 134—52 Radial momentum 191—2 Radiant energy, nature of 124—6 152—3 Radiation, Hertz’s experiments on 128 Radiation, hypothesis of chemical reaction 5—6 148—50 Radiation, pressure of 8 50 274 Radioactive chains 84 119—20 Radioactive constants 85—7 Radioactive elements and periodic classification 111—2 114 118—20 Radioactive equilibrium 85—7 Radioactive period of average life 85—6 Radioactivity, an atomic phenomenon 85 Radioactivity, Crookes’ experiments on 83—4
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