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| Petrie A., Sabin C. — Medical Statistics at a Glance |
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| Предметный указатель |
Risk factors 37
Risk scores 80—81
Robust analysis 46 82
Sample 8 26
Sample size 32 35
Sample size calculations 84—86 119
Sample size importance 84
Sample size, power and 44 45 84
Sample, convenience 26
Sample, random 26
Sample, representative 26
Sample, statistic 26
Sample, training 81
Sample, validation 81
Sampling 26—27
Sampling distributions 26—27
Sampling error 26
Sampling frame 26
Sampling quota 26
Sampling systematic 26
Sampling variation 26
Saturated models 80
Scatter diagram 15 67 70 72
Scheffe's test 55
Scores 9
screening 71
SD see “Standard deviation”
SE see “Standard error”
Seasonal variation 104
Segmented column (bar) chart 14 15
Selection bias 31 38
SEM (standard error of mean) 26—27 87
Sensitivity 90 92
Serial correlation 104 105
Shapiro-Wilk test 82
Sign test 46—47 48 112 114
Sign test, for a proportion 58—59 60
Sign test, paired data 49—50
Significance level 42—43 44
Significance level in sample size calculation 84
Significance testing see “Hypothesis testing”
Significant result 42
Single-blind trial 34
Single-coded variables 10
Skewed data 46
Skewed data, negatively 14 15
Skewed data, positively 14 26
Skewed data, transformations for 24—25
Slope, regression line 70 72—73 74
Spearman's rank correlation coefficient 68 69 113 117 124
Specificity 90 92
Spread of data 18—19 87
Square root transformation 24—25
Square transformation 25
Standard deviation (SD) 19 27 87
Standard deviation (SD) pooled 55 57
Standard error (SE) 87
Standard error (SE) of mean (SEM) 26—27 87
Standard error (SE) of proportion 27
Standard error (SE) of slope 72—73
Standard error (SE) vs standard deviation 27
Standard normal distribution 21 112 113 114
Standardized difference 84
Standardized Normal Deviate (SND) 21
Stationary time series 104
Statistic 20
Statistic sample 26
Statistic test 42
Statistical tables 112—118
Statistics, definition of 8
Stem-and-leaf plot 14 75 120
Stepwise selection 80
Stratified randomization 34
| Stratum 32
Student's t-distribution see “t-distribution”
Subjective probability 20
Summary measures for repeated measures 101
Summary measures of location 16—17
Summary measures of spread 18—19
Survival analysis 106—108
Survival curves (Kaplan — Meier) 106 107
Survival probability 106
Symmetrical distribution 14 76
Systematic allocation 34
Systematic reviews 98
t-distribution 22 112 113
t-distribution for confidence interval estimation 28
t-test for partial regression coefficients 76
t-test one-sample 46 47
t-test paired 49 50 85 120
t-test, unpaired (two-sample) 52 53—54 85—86 123
Tables 87
Tables statistical 112—118
Test statistic for a specific test see “Hypothesis testing”
Test statistic, explanation of 42
Text format 10
Time series 104—105
Training sample 81
Transformation, data 24—25
Treatment 32
Treatment, allocation 34
Treatment, comparisons 34
Treatment, effect 44
Treatment, efficacy 34
Trend overtime 104
Trend, Chi-squared test for 64—65 66
Two-sample t-test 52 53—54 85—86 123
Two-tailed test 42
Type I, II errors 44
Typing errors 12
Unbiased estimate 26
Uniform distribution 14
Uniodal distribution 14
Unit, experimental 32
Unpaired t-test see “Two-sample t-test”
Validation sample 81
Validity 81
Variability 18 44
Variability, sample size calculation and 84
Variables 8 (see also “Data” “Specific
Variance 18—19
Variance of discrete distributions 23
Variance residual 55 71
Variance, heterogeneity of 82 98
Variance, homogeneity of 82
Variance, stabilizing transformations 24 25
Variance, testing for equality of two 56 82 83 123
Variance-ratio test see “F-test”
Variation 32
Variation between-group 55
Variation between-subject 19
Variation within-group 55
Variation within-subject 19
Variation, coefficient of 19
Variation, cyclic 104 105
Variation, overtime 104
Variation, random 32 104
Variation, sampling 26
Variation, unexplained (residual) 55 71
Wald test statistic 78
washout period 32
Weibull model 107
Wilcoxon rank sum (two-sample) test 53 54 112 116
Wilcoxon signed ranks test 47 49—50 51 112 115
z value 47 48 112 113
z-test 46
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