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| Petrie A., Sabin C. — Medical Statistics at a Glance |
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| Предметный указатель |
Heterogeneity, statistical 98
histogram 14 75 79 89
Homogeneity of variance 82
Homoscedasticity 82
Hypothesis for correlation coefficient 68 69
Hypothesis for more than two means 55 56
Hypothesis for single mean 46
Hypothesis for single median 46-47
Hypothesis for single proportion 58 59
Hypothesis for two means independent groups 52 53
Hypothesis for two means paired groups 49 50
Hypothesis for two proportion spaired groups 62 63
Hypothesis for two proportions independent groups 61 62
Hypothesis for two variances 82 83
Hypothesis in meta-analysis 98
Hypothesis in regression 72—73
Hypothesis in survival analysis 106—107
Hypothesis testing 42—43
Hypothesis vs confidence intervals 43
Hypothesis, errors in 44—45
Hypothesis, multiple 45
Hypothesis, non parametric 43
Hypothesis, null and alternative 42
Hypothesis, presenting results 87
incidence 30
Inclusion criteria 35
Independent variables see “Explanatory variables”
Influential point 72
Information bias 31
Intention-to-treat analysis 35 96
Inter-subject variability 19
Interaction 33
intercept 70
Interdecile range 18
Interim analyses 34
Interpolation 54
Interquartile range 18
Interval estimate 26 28
Intra-subject variability 19
Jackknifing 81
Kaplan — Meier curves 106 207
Kappa ( ), Cohen's 93 94
Kappa (), weighted 93
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test 82
Kruskal — Wallis test 56 57
Least squares, method of 70
Lehr's formula 84—85
Levene's test 56 82 121
Lifetables 106
Likelihood 109
Likelihood, -2 log 78
Likelihood, ratio (LR) 91 92 109—110
Limits of agreement 93—94
Linear analysis 72—74
Linear line see “Regression line”
Linear multiple 70 75—77 125
Linear regression 70—74 125
Linear relationships 70 72
Linear relationships correlation 67
Linear relationships, checking for 82—83
Linear simple 70 72—74
Linear theory 70—71
Linearizing transformations 24—25
Location, measures of 16—17
Log(arithmic) transformation 24 83
Log-rank test 106 108
Logistic regression 78—79 126
Logit (logistic) transformation 25 78
Lognormal distribution 22—23 24
Longitudinal data 101
Longitudinal studies 30—31
Mann-Whitney U test 53
Marginal total 61
Matching 40 (see also “Paired data”)
McNemar's test 62 63
Mean 16 17 87
Mean, arithmetic 16
Mean, geometric 26 17
Mean, square 55
Mean, test for single 46
Mean, weighted 17
Means difference 49 52 54
Means, confidence interval for 28 29 46
Means, confidence interval for difference in two 52 54
Means, regression to 71
Means, sampling distribution of 26
Means, standard error of (SEM) 26—27 87
Means, test comparing more than two 55 56
Means, test comparing two 49 50 52 53
Measures of location 16—17
Measures of spread 18—19
Median 16—17 18
Median, survival time 106
Median, test for a single 46—47
Medians, confidence interval for 47 112 115
Medians, difference between two 49—50 53
Medline 96
Meta-analysis 98—99
Method agreement 93
Method of least squares 70
Missing data 11 12
MODE 17
Modelling multi-level 102
Modelling statistical 80—81
Moving average models 105
Multi-coded variables 10
Multi-level modelling 102
Multiple hypothesis testing 45
Multiple linear regression 70 75—77 125
Multiplication rule 20
Mutually exclusive (categories) 61 64
Negative controls 34
Negative predictive value 91 92
Nominal data 8
Non-parametric (distribution-free, rank) tests 43 83
Non-parametric (distribution-free, rank) tests for more than two independent groups 56
Non-parametric (distribution-free, rank) tests for single median 46—47
Non-parametric (distribution-free, rank) tests for two independent groups 53—54
Non-parametric (distribution-free, rank) tests for two paired groups 49—50
Normal distribution 21 26
Normal distribution in calculation of confidence interval 28
Normal distribution Standard 21 112 113 114
Normal distribution, approximation to Binomial distribution 23 58
Normal distribution, approximation to Poisson distribution 23
Normal distribution, checking assumption of Normality 82 83
Normal distribution, transformation to 24 25
Normal plot 82 83
Normal range (reference interval) 18 21 90
Normalizing transformations 24 25
Null hypothesis 42
Number of patients needed to treat (NNT) 96—97
Numerical data (variables) 8
Numerical data (variables), assessing agreement in 93—94 95
Numerical data (variables), error checking 12
Numerical data (variables), graphical display of 14
Numerical data (variables), presentation 87
Observational studies 30 31
Observations 8
Observed frequencies 61 62 64 65—66
Observer agreement 93
Observer bias 31
Odds (of disease) 78
Odds (of disease) posterior 109—110
Odds (of disease) prior 110
Odds ratio 40—41 78
On-treatment analysis 35
One-tailed test 42
Ordinal variables 8
Ordinal variables in multiple regression 75
Outcome variables see “Dependent variables”
| Outcomes 38 96
Outliers 12—13 5 72 87
Over-fitted models 80
Overview (meta-analysis) 98—99
P-value, explanation of 42—43
P-value, post-hoc adjustment of 45
Paired data categorical 62 63
Paired data numerical 49—50
Paired f-test 49 50 85 120
Paper, presenting results in 87—88
Parallel trials 32 33
Parameters 20 26 87
Parametric tests, explanation of 43
Partial autocorrelation function 105
Partial regression coefficient 75 76
Pearson correlation coefficient 67—68 69 113 117 124
Percentage 9
Percentage point 28
percentile 18 29
Periodogram 105
Pie chart 14 25
Pilot studies 85
Placebo 34
Point 30
Point estimates 26
Poisson distribution 23
Pooled standard deviation 55 57
Population 8 26
Positive controls 34
Positive predictive value 91 92
Post-hoc comparisons 55
Post-test probability 110 111
Posterior odds 109—110
Posterior probability 109 110—111
Power 44
Power in systematic reviews 98 99
Power statement 85
Power, sample size and 44 45 84
Pre-test probability 109
PRECISION 26—27 87 96
Precisionin systematic reviews 98 99
Prediction from time series data 104
Prediction, using regression line 73 74
Predictive efficiency, indices of 79
Predictive value 91
Predictive value, negative 91 92
Predictive value, positive 91 92
Predictor variables see “Explanatory variables”
Preferences, analysing 58—59
Presenting results 87—89
Prevalence 90 109
Prior odds 110
Prior probability 20 109
probability 20
Probability, a priori 20 109
Probability, addition rule 20
Probability, Bayesian approach 109—111
Probability, conditional 20 109
Probability, density function (pdf) 20 21
Probability, distributions 20—21
Probability, frequentist 20 109
Probability, multiplication rule 20
Probability, post-test 110 111
Probability, posterior 109 110—111
Probability, pre-test 109
Probability, prior 20 109
Probability, subjective 20
Probability, survival 106
Prognostic index 80—81
Proportion 23 58—60
Proportion related samples 62 63
Proportion test for two independent samples 61 62—63
Proportion, test for a single 58 59
Proportion, test for trend in 64—65 66
Proportional hazards regression model (Cox) 107 108
Proportions, confidence interval for 28 29 58
Proportions, confidence interval for difference in two 61 62 63
Proportions, logit transformation of 25
Proportions, sampling distribution of 27
Proportions, sign test for 58—59 60 114
Proportions, standard error of 27
Prospective studies 30 31
Protocol 35
Protocol deviations 35
Publication bias 31 99
Qualitative data see “Categorical data”
Quality, of studies in meta-analysis 99
Quantitative data see “Numerical data”
quartile 18
Quotient 9
Random allocation see “Randomization”
Random numbers 118
Random time series 105
Random variables 20
Random variation 32 104
Random-effects models 98
Randomization 34 96
Randomization blocked 34
Randomization cluster 34
Randomization stratified 34
Randomized controlled trial (RCT) 34 96
Randomized design 32
RANGE 18 19
Range reference (normal) 18 21 90
Range, checking 12
Rank correlation coefficient see “Spearman's rank correlation coefficient”
Rank methods see “Non-parametric tests”
Rates 9
Ratios 9
RCT (randomized controlled trial) 34 96
Recall bias 31 38 41R
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve 91 92
Reciprocal transformation 25
Reference interval (range) 18 21 90
Regression coefficients 70
Regression coefficients, linear 70
Regression coefficients, logistic 78
Regression coefficients, partial 75 76
Regression Cox 107 108
Regression line 70 72
Regression line, goodness-of-fit 70
Regression line, prediction from 73 74
Regression line, slope of 70 72—73 74
Regression logistic 78—79 126
Regression models, survival data 106—107
Regression, multiple 70 75—77 125
Regression, polynomial 78
Regression, presenting results in 87—88
Regression, simple 70 72—74
Regression, to mean 71
Relative hazards 107
Relative risk (RR) 38 39
Relative risk (RR) in meta-analysis 98 100
Relative risk (RR), odds ratio as estimate of 78
Reliability 98
Reliability assessing 90
Repeatability 93 94 95
Repeatability coefficient, British Standards Institution 93 95
Repeated measures 101—103
Replication 32
Reproducibility 93
Residual mean square (variance) 55 71
Residual variance 55 71
Residuals 70 72
Residuals, random series of 105
Response variables see “Dependent variables”
Results assessing 96—97
Results presenting 87—89
Retrospective studies 30 31
Risk 38
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