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| Popper K.R. — Quantum theory and the schism in physics |
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Helmholtz, H. 172
Heraclitus 162 165
Hertz, H. 44—45
Hidden variables 11—13
Hidden variables, alleged by von Neumann to contradict quantum mechanics 11n see periods
Hilbert space, vectors in 60—61
Hill, E.L. 43n 59
Historicist prophecy 175n 176
History of the universe see "Cosmology"
History, of physics and of problem situations section 20
Hobbes, T. 163 182 201
Holt, R.A. 24n
Hopf, E. 108n
Horne, M.A. 16n
Hoyle, F. 202
Huff, D. 10n
Hume, D. 201
Huygens, C. 57 124 152
Idealism 2—3 182 201
Idealism, arguments for 26—27
Idealism, Aspect experiment, Bell theorem, and 25—26
Idealism, conflict with biology and evolutionary theory 26
Independence, in probability theory, contradicts subjective interpretation 106
Indeterminacy relations, explained by interference of observer 20 section 16 see
Indeterminism and film strip argument sections 22—24
Indeterminism and reduction of the wave packet section 23
Indeterminism of propensity research programme see "Propensity metaphysical
Indeterminism, compatibility with realism 175
Indeterminism, issue of 174—175 177 181
Indeterminism, of both classical and quantum physics 83—85
Indeterminism, rough model of quantum theoretical section 25
Indeterminism, structural consequences of 205
Indeterministic reality, approximately represented by deterministic theories sections 22 23 see "Propensity metaphysical "Theory"."Universe indeterministic"
Information, role of, in quantum theoretical measurement 86—89
Information, role of, in statistical mechanics 109—117 133 see of "Quantum observer
Instrumentalism 101—103 131 173—174 176—1 201;
Instrumentalism, its use by Church 102
Instrumentalism, its use to deflect criticism 103
Intensity, of forces 167
Interaction, levels of 38—39
Interaction, of propensities see "Propensity fields" "Propensity metaphysical
Interference 20 40 41 83—84 99 149 152—156 181 185—186 190—191
Intuition, intuitive ease 103 182
Irrationals (irrational numbers), discovery of 162
Irrationals (irrational numbers), geometrical theory of 162—163
Irrefutability, senses of 32n
Irreversible processes, linked by Planck to improbability 107
Irreversible processes, linked to lack of knowledge 109 115 118 see "Quantum observer "Statistical "Time
Irreversible processes, objectivity of 107
Jammer, M. 15n 71nq
Janossy, L. 123n
Jeans, J. 132nq
Jeffreys, H. 105
Jordan, P. 10 13 100 125n 189 202
Kant, I. 3qn 159 163 168n 170n 171n 172 201
Kapp, R.O. 202 203n
Kasday, L.R. 24n
Kelvin, W.T. 172
Kepler, J. 158 163 174 200
Keynes, J.M. 105—106
Kirchhoff, G. 126
Klein, M.J. 13 125n
Kneale, W. 68n
Knowledge, alleged connection to lack of entropy 109—117
Knowledge, growth of, 33—34, see also "Critical discussion", "inherent limits to xvii 5 7
Knowledge, lack of ('nescience'), linked to probabilistic physics 4 49 75 105—106 108—109 133 145
Knowledge, role of, in quantum theoretical measurement 35 see observer "Crucial extending
Koerner, S. 50n 78n 86n 97n
Kramers, H.A. 132—133 189
Kuhn, T.S. 31n 33
Lack of knowledge 4 7
Lack of knowledge, Einstein's change of views concerning 4 see lack
Lack of knowledge, link with statistics 4 49
Lagrange, J. 134n
Lakatos, I. 32n 33n
Lamehi-Rachti, M. 24n
Lanczos, C. 35qn
Lande, A. 36n 39 40qn 46 49n 52n 58n 59 72 73 81 83qn 84 98n 100 105 125 127qn 133 134qn 135n 137n 193 195
Laplace, P. 2 66n 67 110 178 182—183
Law, of conservation see "Conservation laws"
Law, of large numbers, is no bridge between subjective beliefs and objective frequencies 66—67 106 see
Leibniz's dynamical theory of matter 163 166—171
Leibniz, G.W. 134 135n 159q 163 166 167qn 168 169nq 170—171 202
Lewis, H.D. 95n 103n
Locality and special relativity theory 22
Locality in clockwork theory 163
Locality in fields of forces theory 164 169
Locality, principle of (principle of action at vanishing distances, 'Prinzip der Nahewirkung') 19—21 25—26
Locality, problem of 16
Locality, support by Einstein 21 see "EPR-argument" "Relativity"
Logic, of the situation 31 33
Lorentz transformations xviii 211
Lorentz, H.A. xviii 20n 25—26 29 30n 211
Mace, C.A. 86n 95n
Mach, E. 2 27 45n 103n 126 172
Many worlds interpretations, of quantum theory see "Everett's 'many worlds' interpretation"
March, A. 121n
Margenau, H. 23n
Matter (body) as formed space 162—163
Matter (body), creation of 202
Matter (body), destructible 164
Matter (body), dualism of, and field section 26
Matter (body), electromagnetic theory of xvii 37—38 192—194
Matter (body), essential properties of, according to Aristotle 166
Matter (body), essential properties of, according to Hobbes, Descartes, and Boyle 163 166
Matter (body), essential properties of, according to Kant 170—171
Matter (body), essential properties of, according to Leibniz 163 166 167
Matter (body), essential properties of, according to Mach 172
Matter (body), essential properties of, according to Newton 127
Matter (body), essential properties of, according to Poisson and Cauchy 171
Matter (body), essential properties of, explanation of 164
Matter (body), general theory of 202
Matter (body), problem of 30 126—127 165—172;
Matter (body)as realization of propensities 160 202 section
Maxwell's demon 114
Maxwell, G. 43n 52n
Maxwell, J.C. 4 103 112 114n 164 166 170—171 175—176 193 206 208
Meaning, doctrine of, in application to debate about quantum theory 18n 21 39 60—61 102 148 150
Measurement in quantum mechanics, compared to classical physics 35—41
Measurement, of a Doppler effect 58
Measurement, of a Doppler effect, indirectness of 41
Measurement, of position and momentum 17—19 58—59 60—64 73—75 142—143 146—147 155
Measurement, possibility of 5
Measurement, retrodictive character, in tests of scatter relations 60—64
Measurement, retrodictive, of momentum 146—147
Measurement, verification of 61 see extending "Heisenberg's "Quantum observer "Scatter
Mechanics, classical, equivalence of wave and matrix mechanics 43
Mechanics, classical, statistical and particle 47
Mechanics, quantum mechanics see "Quantum theory"
Medawar, P. 26n
Mehlberg, H. 52n
Meson 13 195
Metaphysical research programme 31 32-34 sections 21
Metaphysical research programme and 'scientific research programmes' 32n 33—34
Metaphysical research programme as speculative physics 161—162 165
Metaphysical research programme, and 'normal science' 33
Metaphysical research programme, author's own, of the propensity interpretation and of physical propensities see "Propensity metaphysical
Metaphysical research programme, Cartesian 163 166—167
Metaphysical research programme, clashes among 173
Metaphysical research programme, cosmological speculations as 31
Metaphysical research programme, create problems and determine solutions section 20
Metaphysical research programme, criticizability of 32—33 172—173
Metaphysical research programme, examples of 162—164
Metaphysical research programme, indispensable to science 165
Metaphysical research programme, relation to Kuhn's paradigms 31—36
Metaphysical research programme, relation to scientific theories 32
Metaphysics, critical discussion of 32 172—173 199—201
Metaphysics, difference from science 211 sections 28
Metaphysics, task of 211 see "Demarcation
Miller, D. xvi
| Millikan, R.A. 38qn
Mind, human, reality of xviii
Mirror, semi-permeable, experiment with 76—77 155—156
Mittig, W. 24n
Models, building of 103
Molecular chaos, hypothesis of 104
Momentum, measurement of 17—19 58—59 60—64 73—75 142—143 146—147 155 203
Monads, Leibniz on 167—168 169
Moser, S. 121n
Motion, reality of 162
Musgrave, A.E. xvi 32n 33n
Natarrigo, S. 24n
Neutrino 12—13 38 201
Neutron 11—/2 13 38 194
Newton's problem 205
Newton, I. xviii 25 29—30 43—44 46 102—103 127 158 163 164 166 168 169 170n 172—176 189 200 204
Numbers, law of great or large 66—67 106 110 section
Objectivism, issue of 174—175
Objectivity in probability theory 5 65—67 99 106 111 section
Objectivity in quantum theory 35 119—121 section
Objectivity of propensities 87—88
Objectivity of statistical mechanics section 4
Objectivity, of irreversible processes 107
Observable 85
Observations, role in survival 3
Observations, security of 3
Observer (subject), role of, in quantum theoretical measurement 5 20 35—41 46 49—50 75 85—89 119 121—124 145 1 189—190
One-slit experiment 57 145—147
Packet, wave see "Reduction of the wave packet"
Pair creation 63 197
Paradoxes, of quantum theory, resolved by propensity interpretations 144 Chapter
Parmendies 162n 165—166 176 205
Particle 7 10 79—89 142 177 sections 14 15 26
Particle as propensities for interaction 198
Particle in need of explanation 139 192
Particle, as realizations of propensities 160 196
Particle, association of, with fields of propensities 84—85
Particle, creation and destruction of 195
Particle, field theories as statistical theories of particle assemblies 195—196
Particle, having both position and momentum 145—156 sections 18
Particle, increasing number of xvii 11—12 194—195 201—202
Particle, not ultimate 1395
Particle, picture 42 45 64 140
Particle, reality of 197—198 sections 26
Particle, Schroedinger's interpretation of, as wave packet 18 see "EPR-argument"
Pauli, W. xviii 11 13 21 36n 78n 85n 100qn 101 109qn 110qn 111q 114 117 134—135n 139qn 140 158 172 174 175q 177n 207 208qn
Pennisi, A.R. 24n
Peterson, A.F. xvi
Philosophical discussion, importance of 100
Photon 11 164
Photon, idea of association with waves 48
Photon-field, interaction with electron-positron field 194
Physical cosmology, fundamental problem of 165
Physical system, as sum of its propensities 159
Physical world, as consisting of changing propensities to change 160
Physicists, differing attitudes to Copenhagen interpretation 99—100 156—158
Physics 1—6
Physics of Descartes 166
Physics of renaissance 163 206
Physics, classical, as approximation to quantum physics 181 189
Physics, history of 160 section
Physics, probabilistic 4
Physics, schisms in 1—6 99—100 173 see
Picture see "Theories not "'Wave
Pilot waves (de Broglie), as propensity waves 142 151
Pilot waves (de Broglie), Bohm on 174
Pin board 72—76
Pin board, 'regular' 87
Pin board, modelling an objective probabilistic world 86—88 91—92 153—154
Pin board, modelling Everett's argument 90—92
Pin board, modelling reversibility of time 88—89 93
Pin board, no superposition of amplitudes in 88
Pin board, propensities of 72—74 153—154
Pipkin, F.M. 24n
Planck, M. 14 36 47 55—57 107qn 108n 125 135n 154 158
Plato 162—163 166 205—206
Plato's metaphysical research programme of geometrization 162—163
Podolsky, B. xvii 10n 14 15 18 23n 24n 27 39n 58n 63 98n 99 122 144 147 148n 149—151
Podolsky, P. 15n
Poisson, S.D. 66—67 171
Polanyi, M. 85n
Position space section 15
Position, measurement of 17—19 58—59 60—64 73—75 142—143 146—147 155
Positivism 2—3 5 27 134 172 200
Positivism, influence on Einstein 2
Positivism, rejection by later Einstein 2—3
Positron 11—12 38
Possibility, weighted see "Propensity"
Possible, transition from the, to the actual see "Actual"
Potentialism, metaphysical research programme of 163 165
Precision, of concepts 44
Precision, of measurements 53—54
Precision, of prediction 54
Precision, of restrodiction 146
Prewett, O. 10n
Prigogine, I. 53n
Probability, axiomatizations of 65
Probability, axiomatizations of, Bayesian 67
Probability, axiomatizations of, calculus of 64—65
Probability, axiomatizations of, classical interpretation of 67—68
Probability, axiomatizations of, frequency interpretation of 67—68 99 104 144
Probability, axiomatizations of, gap between subjective and objective interpretations of 65—67 106
Probability, axiomatizations of, in betting, application of propensity interpretation 69
Probability, axiomatizations of, information and 86
Probability, axiomatizations of, lack of knowledge and 6
Probability, axiomatizations of, objective interpretations of 5 67—74 103 section see
Probability, axiomatizations of, oscillation between subjective and objective interpretations of 5 section 99 106 111 131 175
Probability, axiomatizations of, propensity interpretation of 68—71 98 see
Probability, axiomatizations of, relation of this mixture to determinism 99
Probability, axiomatizations of, singular statements in 104—105 144
Probability, axiomatizations of, statements, distinguished from statistical statements 70
Probability, axiomatizations of, subjective or subjectivist interpretation of 2 6 50 65—67 99 105—106 110 174—175 section see
Probability, axiomatizations of, subjectivist interpretation abandoned by Einstein 4n 6;
Probability, axiomatizations of, subjectivist interpretation and Laplace 2
Probability, axiomatizations of, theory of, application to single cases 79
Problem situations 160—162 166 section
Problem situations within research programme 173 200
Problem, choice of section 20
Problem, of cosmology 162—165 see
Problem, of locality see "Locality principle"
Problem, of matter see "Matter"
Problem, statistical character of quantum theoretical problems 46—49 see "Statistical "Statistical
Programme, Metaphysical research, author's own see "Propensity metaphysical
Propensity, propensities and Schrodinger's views section 11
Propensity, propensities and single cases 80
Propensity, propensities as virtual frequency 71
Propensity, propensities as weights of possibilities 70 128 section see "Scatter" "Scatter "Statistical
Propensity, propensities in two-slit arrangements 152—153
Propensity, propensities, 'wave picture', turned into real property by 84
Propensity, propensities, (author's own) metaphysical research programme of sections 22—28
Propensity, propensities, -fields 127 193—198 202 204 section
Propensity, propensities, as dispositional properties 127
Propensity, propensities, as property not of a particle but of objective physical situation 71n 80—81 152 154n
Propensity, propensities, as property of repeatable experimental arrangements 80
Propensity, propensities, as relational property 127—128 209
Propensity, propensities, criticizability of 201 section
Propensity, propensities, determination by 204
Propensity, propensities, dualistic and monistic 160 196—198
Propensity, propensities, everything as 205
Propensity, propensities, film strips section 24
Propensity, propensities, idea of, indebted to Einstein 208
Propensity, propensities, in biology 209—210
Propensity, propensities, in biology, described by field equations 196
Propensity, propensities, in pin-board arrangement 72—74 153—154
Propensity, propensities, indeterminism of 181 sections 25
Propensity, propensities, inherent 209—210
Propensity, propensities, interpretation of indeterminacy see "Scatter relations"
Propensity, propensities, interpretation of probability calculus 68—71 see
Propensity, propensities, interpretation of quantum jumps 137—138
Propensity, propensities, non-testability of 198—199
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