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Bohren C.F., Huffman D.R. — Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles
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Íàçâàíèå: Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small ParticlesÀâòîðû: Bohren C.F., Huffman D.R. Àííîòàöèÿ: Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles Treating absorption and scattering in equal measure, this self-contained, interdisciplinary study examines and illustrates how small particles absorb and scatter light. The authors emphasize that any discussion of the optical behavior of small particles is inseparable from a full understanding of the optical behavior of the parent materialandmdash;bulk matter. To divorce one concept from the other is to render any study on scattering theory seriously incomplete. Special features and important topics covered in this book include: Classical theories of optical properties based on idealized models Measurements for three representative materials: magnesium oxide, aluminum, and water An extensive discussion of electromagnetic theory Numerous exact and approximate solutions to various scattering problems Examples and applications from physics, astrophysics, atmospheric physics, and biophysics Some 500 references emphasizing work done since Kerker's 1969 work on scattering theory Computer programs for calculating scattering by spheres, coated spheres, and infinite cylinders
ßçûê: Ðóáðèêà: Ôèçèêà /Ñòàòóñ ïðåäìåòíîãî óêàçàòåëÿ: Ãîòîâ óêàçàòåëü ñ íîìåðàìè ñòðàíèö ed2k: ed2k stats Ãîä èçäàíèÿ: 1983Êîëè÷åñòâî ñòðàíèö: 539Äîáàâëåíà â êàòàëîã: 19.03.2006Îïåðàöèè: Ïîëîæèòü íà ïîëêó |
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Absorption coefficient, bulk matter, defined 29 Absorption coefficient, bulk matter, measurement of 29 30 Absorption cross section, defined 71 Absorption cross section, in Rayleigh — Gans approximation 161 162 Absorption cross section, integrated, of ellipsoid 347 Absorption cross section, of cubes 368 Absorption cross section, of distribution of ellipsoids 353—356 Absorption cross section, of ellipsoids, Rayleigh limit 150—152 345 348 Absorption cross section, of sphere, Rayleigh limit 140 Absorption cross section, of spheroid 313 Absorption cross section, of weakly absorbing large sphere 166—169 Absorption edge see “Band gap” Absorption efficiency, and emissivity 125 Absorption efficiency, defined 72 Absorption efficiency, greater than 1 339—342 Absorption efficiency, of small sphere 136 Absorption efficiency, of sphere, asymptotic limit 172 173 Absorption efficiency, of water droplets 170 171 Absorption, by atmospheric aerosols 436—446 Absorption, dominance of, in Rayleigh limit 309 Absorption, effect on ripple and interference structure 306 318 Absorption, mechanisms in bulk matter, summary 282 Absorption, temperature effects on 281 Aggregation of particles, and sampling of atmospheric aerosols 440 Aggregation of particles, effect on extinction spectra, aluminum 376 Aggregation of particles, effect on extinction spectra, amorphous quartz 361 Aggregation of particles, effect on extinction spectra, gold 372 Aggregation of particles, effect on extinction spectra, magnesium oxide 366—368 Aggregation of particles, effect on optical properties 81 315 342 258 Aggregation of particles, scattering by, spherical clusters 423—425 Albedo, single scattering, and global climate 435 442 443—446 Albedo, single scattering, defined 445 Alexander’s dark band 177 Alignment of particles, in interstellar dust clouds 463—465 Alignment of particles, in noctilucent clouds 451 Alignment of particles, in ocean waters 427 Aluminum, bulk optical properties of 225 271—273 353 Aluminum, particles, extinction by, ellipsoids 346 Aluminum, particles, extinction by, measurements 374—377 Aluminum, particles, extinction by, spheres 294 295 310 338 375 Aluminum, surface plasmons in 338 339 Amorphous solids, and far-infrared emission 446 Amorphous solids, as oxide coating 376 Amorphous solids, particles of, in interstellar dust 462—466 Amplitude scattering matrix, and sum rule 154 Amplitude scattering matrix, defined 63 Amplitude scattering matrix, for anisotropic dipole 154 Amplitude scattering matrix, for cylinder 202 205 408 Amplitude scattering matrix, for cylinder, Rayleigh limit 208 Amplitude scattering matrix, for optically active particles 189 408 Amplitude scattering matrix, for sphere 112 Amplitude scattering matrix, for sphere, Rayleigh limit 132 140 407 Amplitude scattering matrix, in Rayleigh — Gans approximation 161 407 Amplitude scattering matrix, symmetry of 406—412 Angle-dependent functions, in Mie theory, defined 94 Angle-dependent functions, in Mie theory, polar plots of 96 Angle-dependent functions, in Mie theory, recurrence relations for 95 119 Angular scattering, calculations, for spheres 114 115 Angular scattering, calculations, for spheres, distributed in size 387—389 Angular scattering, calculations, for spheres, in Rayleigh limit 133 134 Angular scattering, calculations, for spheres, of increasing size 384—387 Angular scattering, calculations, for spheroids 397—400 Angular scattering, measurements, absolute and relative 391 Angular scattering, measurements, applicability of Mie theory to 427 428 Angular scattering, measurements, for cylinder 426 Angular scattering, measurements, for nonspherical particles 399—401 422 Angular scattering, measurements, for spheres 420 421 Angular scattering, measurements, techniques for 389—392 Anisotropic cylinder, scattering by 209 Anisotropic oscillator model, applied to crystalline quartz 250 251 Anisotropic oscillator model, theory of 247—249 Anisotropic solids, powders of 432 Anisotropic sphere, scattering by 152 153 184 185 Asymmetry parameter, defined 72 Asymmetry parameter, for nonspherical particles 401 Asymmetry parameter, for spherical particles 119 120 Asymmetry, in absorption bands 306—308 Asymmetry, in scattering diagrams 115 384—389 398—400 Asymptotic limits, of absorption and scattering efficiencies 171—173 Asymptotic limits, of extinction efficiency 107 110 172 299 Atmospheric aerosols, absorption by 436—446 Atmospheric aerosols, and blue moon 129 Atmospheric aerosols, and climate 434—436 Atmospheric aerosols, imaginary part of refractive index of 279 436—439 Atmospheric aerosols, remote sensing of 442 443 Average dielectric function, theories of, Bruggeman 217 218 Average dielectric function, theories of, Maxwell Garnett 214—218 (see also “Effective refractive index”) Average refractive index of atmospheric aerosols 433 438 Babinet’s principle 108 Backscattering cross section see “Radar backscattering cross section” Backscattering, by nonspherical particles 422 423 Backscattering, by sphere 122 Band gap, defined 251 252 Band gap, in magnesium oxide 270 Band gap, in semiconductors 282 Band gap, superconducting 282 376 Beam width, effect of on scattering 117 118 Bessel functions, of complex order 185 Bessel functions, of integral order 195 Bessel functions, of integral order, asymptotic expansions for 93 94 Bessel functions, of integral order, computation of 492 493 Bessel functions, of integral order, expansion of trigonometric functions in 418 Bessel functions, of integral order, integral representation of 110 164 197 Bessel functions, of integral order, power series expansions for 208 Bessel functions, of integral order, recurrence relation for 197 Bessel functions, spherical (half-integral order), and Riccati — Bessel functions 101 Bessel functions, spherical (half-integral order), computation of 478 Bessel functions, spherical (half-integral order), integral representation of 92 Bessel functions, spherical (half-integral order), plots of 88 Bessel functions, spherical (half-integral order), power series expansions for 130 131 Bessel functions, spherical (half-integral order), recurrence relations for 86 478 Bessel functions, spherical (half-integral order), stability of recurrence relations for 127 128 Biological particles, scattering by 395 397 425 427 Birefringence, circular 46 191 Birefringence, linear 45 248 Birefringence, of ice 179 Blackbody radiation see “Planck function” Blue moon and blue sun 107 129 318 Boundary conditions for electromagnetic fields 59—61 99 182 Brewster angle 36 135 Bruggeman average dielectric function 217 218 Bubble, resonance condition for 331 Bulk optical constants, applicability of to small particles 280 326 336 360 371 372 Carbon particles, absorption by small spheroids of 351—353 Carbon particles, and absorption by atmospheric aerosols 438 439 444—446 Carbon particles, and complex refraction index of carbon 431 Carbon particles, in India ink 288 Causality 19 22 56 116 Charged sphere, scattering by 118 Christiansen effect 292 Cigarette smoke, blue moon demonstrated with 129 Circular cylinder see “Cylinders scattering Circular dichroism, defined 46 191 Circular dichroism, in particulate media 192—194 Circumstellar dust shells 457 462 463 Clausius — Mosotti relation 221 Climate changes 434—436 Clusters of spheres, scattering by 423—425 Coated ellipsoid, scattering by in Rayleigh limit 148 150 Coated sphere, scattering by, and immunological slide 470—472 Coated sphere, scattering by, and invisible particles 149 Coated sphere, scattering by, and surface modes 329 330 Coated sphere, scattering by, computer program for 483—489 Coated sphere, scattering by, in Rayleigh limit 149 Coated sphere, scattering by, theory of 181—183 Cole-Cole plots 265 351 352 Colloids, optical properties of 369—374 Color centers 271 282 283 Color, of copper 259 Color, of gemstones 271 Color, of glacial crevasses 276 Color, of Grand Canyon 271 Color, of metal colloids 369 371 Color, of noctilucent clouds 448 Color, of old bottles 271 Color, of rainbow 177 188 Color, of sky 42 Color, of swimming pools 274 Computer programs for scattering and absorption 475 476 Computer programs for scattering and absorption, by coated sphere 483—489 Computer programs for scattering and absorption, by homogeneous sphere 477—482 Computer programs for scattering and absorption, by normally illuminated infinite cylinder 491—497 Conductivity 13 15 19 186 Conductivity, surface 118 Convergence criteria in scattering calculations 126 477 485 Convolution theorem 17 copper 259 337 352 353 Core electrons 267 273 Cross polarization, and depolarization ratio 403 Cross polarization, and particle shape 423 Cross polarization, defined 383 Cross polarization, in Rayleigh — Gans approximation 407 Cross polarization, of sphere 408 Cross sections see also “Absorption” “Extinction” “Scattering” Cross sections, and surface modes 343 Cross sections, computation of, for spheres 126—129 Cross sections, in Rayleigh — Gans approximation 162 Cross sections, normalization of 289 Cross sections, of anisotropic sphere 184 Cross sections, of arbitrary particle 71 73 Cross sections, of cylinder 202—204 Cross sections, of ellipsoid, Rayleigh limit 151 152 343 350 Cross sections, of optically active sphere 190 Cross sections, of sphere 103 Cross sections, of sphere, Rayleigh limit 140 Cross sections, of weakly absorbing large sphere 166- 171 Cube, absorption by, randomly oriented 386 Cube, surface modes in 365—369 Cylinders, scattering by, finite, according to diffraction theory 209—213 Cylinders, scattering by, finite, in Rayleigh — Gans approximation 163—165 Cylinders, scattering by, infinite 194—213 Cylinders, scattering by, infinite, amplitude scattering matrix for 206 Cylinders, scattering by, infinite, anisotropic 209 Cylinders, scattering by, infinite, efficiencies for 204—207 Cylinders, scattering by, infinite, scattering matrix for 206 Debye relaxation mode 259—265 Debye relaxation mode, and microwave absorption by macromolecules 472—474 Debye relaxation mode, and water 264 Debye relaxation mode, dielectric function for 263 264 Degree of polarization see “Polarization” Depolarization factors 147 Depolarization of scattered light 67 403 Depolarization ratio 403 Detailed balance 125 Dichroism, circular 46 191 Dichroism, linear 46 Dielectric function tensor 152 247 249 Dielectric function, complex, and refractive index 227 Dielectric function, complex, anisotropic model for 247—250 Dielectric function, complex, average see “Average dielectric function theories Dielectric function, complex, Cole-Cole plots of 353 Dielectric function, complex, Debye mode for 263 264 Dielectric function, complex, Drude free-electron model for 252—256 Dielectric function, complex, high- and low-frequency limits of 234 Dielectric function, complex, Lorentz oscillator model for 230- 232 241 Dielectric function, complex, multiple oscillator model for 245 Dielectric function, complex, of aluminum 255 272 346 Dielectric function, complex, of ice 275 Dielectric function, complex, of magnesium oxide 246 269 Dielectric function, complex, of silicon carbide 243 Dielectric function, complex, of silver 257 258 373 Dielectric function, complex, of water 264 275 Dielectric function, complex, quantum mechanical expression for 245 Dielectric function, complex, relationship of real and imaginary parts of 266 Dielectric function, static 267 Differential scattering cross section, defined 72 383 Differential scattering cross section, measurement of 391 392 Diffraction, by aperture 109 Diffraction, by cylinder 209—213 Diffraction, by obstacle 109 Diffraction, by sphere 110 111 Diffraction, theory of 107—111 Dipole, potential of 138 139 Dipole, radiation by 99 139 236—238 Disk, absorption by 350 353 Disk, as oblate spheroid 146 Disk, scattering diagram for, diffraction theory 111 Dispersion relations see “Kramers — Kronig relations” Dispersion, anomalous 232 235 242 Dispersion, normal 177 232 239 Dispersion, spatial 22 Doppler shift, wind velocity measurements by 447 Drude free-electron model 251—257 Drude free-electron model, and surface plasmons 335 345 Drude free-electron model, dielectric function for 252 254 Drude free-electron model, for aluminum 255 256 272 273 Drude free-electron model, for semiconductors 256 Eccentricity of spheroids 146 Effective optical constants see “Average dielectric function theories Effective refractive index, of atmospheric aerosols 443—446 Effective refractive index, of slab of particles 78 79 theories Efficiency factor, defined 72 Efficiency factor, for radiation pressure 120 (see also “Absorption” “Cross “Extinction” “Scattering”) Efficiency factor, greater than 1 125 333 334 339—342 Electromagnetic waves, plane 25—27 Electron energy bands 239 251 252 270 Electrons, free and bound 257—259 Electrostatics approximation 136—154 Electrostatics approximation, and surface modes 327 Electrostatics approximation, for anisotropic sphere 152—154 Electrostatics approximation, for coated ellipsoid 148 149 Electrostatics approximation, for cube 342 356 368 Electrostatics approximation, for ellipsoid 141—149 Electrostatics approximation, for sphere 136—141 Ellipsoidal coordinates 141 Ellipsoids, aluminum 346 Ellipsoids, as disks, needles, and spheres 348—353 Ellipsoids, coated 148—150 Ellipsoids, continuous distribution of 353—356 Ellipsoids, in electrostatics approximation 141 —149 Ellipsoids, metallic 345—347 Ellipsoids, polarizability tensor for 150 Ellipsoids, randomly oriented 151 152 346 Ellipsoids, surface modes in 342—356 Ellipsometric parameters of polarized light 46 Ellipsometric parameters of polarized light, and Stokes parameters 50 Ellipsometry 41 56 Ellipsometry, and light-scattering measurements 416 Emissivity of sphere 125 Emissivity of sphere, greater than 1 126 Exciton 269 270 Exciton, pressure dependence of 468 469 Extinction calculations, for cylinders 314—316 Extinction calculations, for distribution of ellipsoids 356 Extinction calculations, for distribution of ellipsoids, of aluminum 375 Extinction calculations, for distribution of ellipsoids, of magnesium oxide 367 368 Extinction calculations, for distribution of ellipsoids, of quartz 363 Extinction calculations, for distribution of ellipsoids, of silicon carbide 364 Extinction calculations, for spheres, and ripple structure 300 301 302 Extinction calculations, for spheres, effect of absorption on 307 Extinction calculations, for spheres, effect of size distribution on 296—299 Extinction calculations, for spheres, of aluminum 294 295 310 338 375 Extinction calculations, for spheres, of electron-hole droplets 377 378 Extinction calculations, for spheres, of gold 370 371 Extinction calculations, for spheres, of magnesium oxide 290—292 308 367 Extinction calculations, for spheres, of quartz 361 363 Extinction calculations, for spheres, of silicon carbide 333 334 Extinction calculations, for spheres, of water 104—107 292 297 309 Extinction calculations, for spheroids 311—314 Extinction cross secton defined 71 (see also “Cross sections” “Scattering
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