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Bohren C.F., Huffman D.R. — Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles
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Íàçâàíèå: Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small ParticlesÀâòîðû: Bohren C.F., Huffman D.R. Àííîòàöèÿ: Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles Treating absorption and scattering in equal measure, this self-contained, interdisciplinary study examines and illustrates how small particles absorb and scatter light. The authors emphasize that any discussion of the optical behavior of small particles is inseparable from a full understanding of the optical behavior of the parent materialandmdash;bulk matter. To divorce one concept from the other is to render any study on scattering theory seriously incomplete. Special features and important topics covered in this book include: Classical theories of optical properties based on idealized models Measurements for three representative materials: magnesium oxide, aluminum, and water An extensive discussion of electromagnetic theory Numerous exact and approximate solutions to various scattering problems Examples and applications from physics, astrophysics, atmospheric physics, and biophysics Some 500 references emphasizing work done since Kerker's 1969 work on scattering theory Computer programs for calculating scattering by spheres, coated spheres, and infinite cylinders
ßçûê: Ðóáðèêà: Ôèçèêà /Ñòàòóñ ïðåäìåòíîãî óêàçàòåëÿ: Ãîòîâ óêàçàòåëü ñ íîìåðàìè ñòðàíèö ed2k: ed2k stats Ãîä èçäàíèÿ: 1983Êîëè÷åñòâî ñòðàíèö: 539Äîáàâëåíà â êàòàëîã: 19.03.2006Îïåðàöèè: Ïîëîæèòü íà ïîëêó |
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Ïðåäìåòíûé óêàçàòåëü
Extinction measurements, for amorphous quartz spheres 360—362 Extinction measurements, for colloidal gold 371 Extinction measurements, for colloidal silver 373 374 Extinction measurements, for cylinders, microwave 322 323 Extinction measurements, for electron-hole droplets 377 378 Extinction measurements, for interstellar dust 458—462 Extinction measurements, for irregular quartz particles 318 319 362 363 Extinction measurements, for irregular silicon carbide particles 364 365 Extinction measurements, for magnesium oxide cubes 366 367 Extinction measurements, for nonspherical aluminum particles 375—377 Extinction measurements, for sphere in microwave cavity 303 304 Extinction measurements, for spheroids, microwave 321 322 Extinction, by sphere in absorbing medium 330 Extinction, defined 69 287 Extinction, interpreted 69 75 287 Extinction, paradox 107 110 129 Extinction, sum rule for 116 117 Extinction, theorem, Ewald — Oseen 5 11 Fiber, scattering by 425 426 Fluctuations, scattering by 6 Fogs, scattering by 116 387—389 Form factors in Rayleigh — Gans theory 161 Form factors in Rayleigh — Gans theory, for finite cylinder 164 165 Form factors in Rayleigh — Gans theory, for sphere 163 Forward scattering, and polarization 206 Forward scattering, dominance of, for large particles 114—116 384 387 398 Forward scattering, effect on measured extinction 75 110 111 289 316 Fourier transforms 15—19 23 56 Fraunhofer diffraction 109 Free electrons see “Drude free-electron model” Fresnel formulas for reflection and scattering by large sphere 167 Fresnel formulas for reflection and transmission 34 35 Frohlich mode, absorption at 328 Frohlich mode, defined 327 Frohlich mode, effect of coating on 329 330 471 Frohlich mode, effect of finite size on 329 Frohlich mode, effect of medium on 332 Frohlich mode, frequency of 327 Frohlich mode, of bubble 331 Frohlich mode, of void 330 Frohlich mode, width of 332 (see also “Surface modes” “Surface “Surface Geometrical factors of ellipsoid 146—147 Geometrical factors of ellipsoid, and depolarization factors 147 Geometrical factors of ellipsoid, and eccentricity of spheroids 146 147 Geometrical factors of ellipsoid, and surface modes 343 344 Glory 389 Glory, and nonspherical particles 401 Gold 337 352 353 Gold, colloidal extinction by 369—372 Graphite, in interstellar dust 459—461 Graphite, surface plasmon in 379 Greenhouse effect 435 Green’s function 263 Group velocity 253 Haloes, ice-crystal 178—180 Hankel functions 93 94 Ice, absorption bands of 277 278 Ice, dielectric function of 275 Ice, in interstellar dust 462 467 Ice-water mixtures 218 Ice-water mixtures, and radar backscattering 265 276 Immunological slide 469 Impurities, absorption by 270 271 279 Inhomogeneous particles, dielectric functions for 213—219 Integrating plate method 440 441 Integrating sphere 320 441 Interference bands, in thin slabs 38 39 Interference structure in extinction 104—106 292—299 Interference structure in extinction, and response curves for sizing particles 404 405 Interference structure in extinction, effect of absorption edge on 306 Interference structure in extinction, for polystyrene spheres 317 318 Interference structure in extinction, for spheroids 311 312 Interstellar dust 307 457—467 Interstellar dust, and circular polarization 464 465 Interstellar dust, and diffuse bands 459 460 Interstellar dust, and linear polarization 463 464 Interstellar dust, emission by 462 466 Interstellar dust, extinction by, average 459 Interstellar dust, extinction by, infrared 461 Interstellar dust, extinction by, ultraviolet 460 Interstellar dust, scattering by 465 466 Inverse scattering problem 10 11 403 Invisible particles 149 150 Irregular particles, extinction by, measurements 318 319 Irregular particles, scattering by, measurements 400 402 KBr pellet technique 358—360 Kirchhoff s law for emission and absorption 125 Kramers — Kronig relations 19—22 41 56 274 Kramers — Kronig relations, and Debye model 263 Kramers — Kronig relations, and dielectric function 266 Kramers — Kronig relations, and optical activity 191 Kramers — Kronig relations, and oscillator model 231 Kramers — Kronig relations, for reflection 32 33 234 Kramers — Kronig relations, for refractive index 28 Legendre functions 86 90 91 Levitation of particles 394 395 Levitation of particles, by radiation pressure 304 305 Lidar 443 447 Light sources, for scattering 390 Limiting behavior, of backscattering efficiency 123 Limiting behavior, of dielectric function 266 267 Limiting behavior, of efficiencies, for large sphere 107—110 171—173 Limiting behavior, of efficiencies, for small sphere 130—136 Limiting behavior, of harmonic oscillator model 234 235 Logarithmic derivative, computation of 478 Logarithmic derivative, defined 127 204 Logarithmic derivative, recurrence relation for 127 205 Lorentz Oscillator Model 228—232 Lorentz oscillator model, and surface modes 332 348 Lorentz oscillator model, dielectric function for 230 231 241 Lorentz oscillator model, for core electrons 272 Lorentz oscillator model, for magnesium oxide 240 246 Lorentz oscillator model, for silicon carbide 241—243 Lyddane — Sachs — Teller relation 244 Magnesium oxide, bulk optical properties of 239—241 245—247 268—271 Magnesium oxide, extinction calculations for 290—292 367 Magnesium oxide, extinction measurements for 365—369 Magnesium oxide, particle production technique for 359 Magnetic dipole, contribution of to absorption 310 Magnetic particles 141 Matrices, for isolating particles 358—360 Maxwell equations 12 58 Maxwell equations, for optically active media 186 Maxwell equations, Fourier transform of 16 Maxwell equations, plane-wave solutions to 26 Maxwell Garnett average dielectric function 214—219 359 444 470 Mean free path of electrons, limited by particle size 336—368 370—372 Microwave analog technique, for angular scattering 395—397 Microwave analog technique, for extinction 320—323 Microwave radiation, cavity absorption of 303 304 Microwave radiation, effect of on biological materials 472 473 Microwave radiation, scattering of, measurements 395—397 400 402 Mie calculations 126—129 Mie calculations, computer programs for 477—482 (see also “Extinction calculations for Mie theory 83—104 111—114 Mie theory, applicability of to nonspherical particles 427 428 Mie theory, history of 82 129 369 Modes, electromagnetic 97—100 Modes, electromagnetic, and laser levitation experiments 305 Modes, electromagnetic, transverse electric 97 98 Modes, electromagnetic, transverse magnetic 97 98 Mueller matrices 53—56 417 Mueller matrices for circular polarizer 56 Mueller matrices for linear polarizer 54 Mueller matrices for linear retarder 55 Mueller scattering matrix see “Scattering matrix” Multiple scattering 9 Multiple scattering and circular polarization 451 Multiple scattering and extinction 80 Multiple-oscillator model 244—247 Multiple-oscillator model for magnesium oxide absorption bands 308 Multiple-oscillator model for quartz reflectance 250 251 Needle, absorption by 350 352 Needle, as prolate spheroid 146 Nephelometers, integrating 439 Nephelometers, polar 389—391 414—419 No-phonon bands 271 282 Noctilucent clouds 448—454 Nonspherical particles, and cross polarization 401—403 Nonspherical particles, angular scattering by 397—401 Nonspherical particles, calculational techniques for 220—222 Nonspherical particles, extinction calculations for 310—316 Nonspherical particles, extinction measurements for 318 319 Nonspherical particles, scattering matrix for 421—427 (see also “Cube” “Disk” “Ellipsoids” “Needle”) Ocean waters, scattering by 425 427 Optical constants, at microwave frequencies 396 Optical constants, defined 27 28 Optical constants, experimental determination of 41 56 Optical constants, from single-particle measurements 431 Optical constants, Kramers — Kronig relations for 28 Optical constants, Lorentz oscillator model for 231 Optical constants, of aluminum 255 272 346 Optical constants, of atmospheric aerosols 430—434 Optical constants, of magnesium oxide 240 245—247 269 Optical constants, of powder samples 430 431 Optical constants, of silicon carbide 242 Optical constants, of water 275 (see also “Dielectric function” “Refractive complex”) Optical constants, relation to dielectric function 227 Optical rotation, by particulate medium 78 192—194 Optical rotation, defined 191 Optical theorem 71 73 Optical theorem, and absorption in Rayleigh — Gans approximation 161 Optical theorem, and diffraction theory 109 110 Optical theorem, and sum rule for extinction 116 Optical theorem, for cylinder 204 Optical theorem, for dipole 150 Optical theorem, for sphere 112 Optically active particles 185—194 Optically active particles, cross sections for 190 Oscillator model see “Lorentz oscillator model” Particle production 392—394 Particle production, aluminum 376 Particle production, by arc vaporization 359 Particle production, by burning magnesium 365 Particle production, by grinding 359 360 Particle production, of monodisperse aerosols 393 394 Particle production, with nebulizers 393 394 Particle production, with vibrating orifice 393 394 405 Perturbation techniques 220 Phase function, defined 72 384 Phase function, for finite cylinder 210—212 Phase function, for infinite cylinder 212 213 Phase function, for spheres 384—389 (see also “Angular scattering”) Phase matrix 66 (see also “Scattering matrix”) Phase velocity, and refractive index 235—238 Phase velocity, defined 25 Phase, measurement of 321 Phonons 233 (see also “Surface phonons”) Photoacoustic technique 292 320 441 442 Photographic process 372 Photosensitive glass 374 Planck function 123—125 435 Plane waves 25—27 Plane waves, expansion of in vector cylindrical harmonics 195—197 Plane waves, expansion of in vector spherical harmonics 89—93 Plane waves, propagation of 28—30 Plane waves, reflection and transmission of 30—41 Plasma frequency, and longitudinal oscillations 253 254 Plasma frequency, defined 230 Plasma frequency, for aluminum 256 Plasma frequency, for ionosphere 256 Plasma frequency, for lattice vibrations 241 Plasma frequency, for semiconductor impurities 256 Plasma frequency, for silicon 256 Plasma frequency, shift of because of bound charges 259 Plasma frequency, tables of 257 379 Plasmons 233 (see also “Surface plasmons”) Point matching method 220 Polarization 44—56 Polarization modulation 416—419 Polarization modulation, in astronomy 464 Polarization, and ellipsometric parameters 44—46 Polarization, degree of 53 Polarization, degree of, circular 53 Polarization, degree of, linear 53 Polarization, degree of, measurement of 54 Polarization, of scattered light, at rainbow angle 388 389 Polarization, of scattered light, by nonspherical particles 401—403 Polarization, of scattered light, by sphere 113—115 Polarization, of scattered light, by sphere, Rayleigh limit 135 (see also “Scattering matrix”) Polarization, of scattered light, from noctilucent clouds 449—453 Polarization, of scattered light, in backward direction 206 456 Polarization, of scattered light, in forward direction 206 Polarization, upon reflection 36 (see also “Mueller matrices” “Strokes Polarizers, and scattering matrix elements 415 Polarizers, and Stokes parameters 47—49 Polarizers, Mueller matrices for 54 56 Polystyrene spheres, for nephelometer calibration 391 Polystyrene spheres, measured extinction by 317 318 Polystyrene spheres, measured matrix elements for 419 420 Poynting vector 23 24 Poynting vector, field lines of 339—342 Purcell — Pennypacker method 220 221 Quantum size effects 280 369 372 376 Quartz, amorphous, infrared extinction measurements for 360—362 Quartz, amorphous, particle production 359 Quartz, crystalline, infrared extinction measurements for 362 363 Quartz, crystalline, reflection by 250 Quartz, crystalline, visible and ultraviolet extinction measurements for 318 319 Radar backscattering cross section 120—123 Radar backscattering efficiency, and correctness of computations 478 485 Radar backscattering efficiency, asymptotic limit 123 Radar backscattering efficiency, defined 122 Radar backscattering efficiency, for sphere 122 Radar backscattering efficiency, for sphere, Rayleigh limit 135 Radar backscattering, and rainfall measurements 454—457 Radar backscattering, dependence on polarization 456 Radar backscattering, from birds 123 Radar backscattering, from melting ice 265 Radar backscattering, from thunderstorms 276 Radar backscattering, reflectivity factor 455 Radiation damage 269—271 290—292 308 Radiation pressure 120 Radiation pressure, and levitation experiments 304 305 394 395 Radio wave propagation, ionosphere 256 Rainbows 174—177 180 Rainbows, polarization of 387—389 Rainfall, measurement of 454—457 Ray tracing diagram, for sphere 167 Rayleigh scattering 6 7 132—134 Rayleigh scattering, according to Rayleigh 133 Rayleigh smoothness criterion 39 Rayleigh — Gans approximation 158—165 Rayleigh — Gans approximation, and biological particles 425 Rayleigh — Gans approximation, for finite cylinder 163—165 Rayleigh — Gans approximation, for optically active particles 165 Rayleigh — Gans approximation, for sphere 162 163 Reciprocity relation 409 Recurrence relations, for Bessel functions 86 197 478 Recurrence relations, for logarithmic derivative 127 205 Recurrence relations, stability of 128 477 478 Reddening 106 107 299 Reddening, and sunsets 107 Reddening, by interstellar dust 458 Reddening, by MgO smoke 290 Reddening, by milk 106 Reddening, by polystyrene spheres 317 318 Reflectance, and optical constants measurements 41 Reflectance, of aluminum 35 255 272 Reflectance, of magnesium oxide 240 246
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