|
|
 |
| Àâòîðèçàöèÿ |
|
|
|
| Ïîèñê ïî óêàçàòåëÿì |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
 |
|
|
|
| Winograd T. — Understanding computers and cognition |
|
|
|
| Ïðåäìåòíûé óêàçàòåëü |
Network of conversation 64—68 157—162 168—170
Network of equipment 37 72 170
Network, neuronal see “Nervous system”
Newell, Allen 22 23 86 95n 96n 115
Nilsson, Nils 96n 102n
Nonlogical reasoning 115
Nonmonotonic reasoning 117
Nonprogrammed decision 153
Norman, Donald xiii 23n 24n 115 117n
Objective rationality 21
Objectivity of meaning 28 60—63
Objectivity of reality 30—32 42 50—52 72—74
Objectivity of science 67
Objectivity, illusion of in computer 156
Observation, in science 15 67
Observer 50—52
Observer, detached 71
Observer, standard 67
Office 143—144 158
Ogle, Richard xiv
Ontogeny 44—45
Ontological design see “Design”
Ontology 18 30—33 36 72—74
Ontology and design 77—79 163—167 Existence Interpretation”)
Opacity of implementation 87 90—92
Operational closure 45n
Operations research 20—21
Optimal decision 21—22
Ordinary everydayness 34 98
Organization, as network of conversations 150—152 157—158 168—170’
Orienting behavior 49—52
Output, of nervous system 42
Owens, Alvin 102
Palmer, Richard 27n
Paradigm 24
Parallel processing 136 138
Parallelism, in evolution 103
Parameter adjustment 100—101 (See also “Learning”)
Pask, Gordon 5 In
Pattern recognition, as paradigm for understanding 115—119
Pattern, in natural language program 119—124
Peirce, Charles 63n
Perception 41—44
Perception by robot 127—128
Performance limitation 146
Performative 58
Perry, John 69n 114n
Perspective 115
Perturbation 42—50
Perturbation, space of 75
Phenomenal domain 47
Phenomenology 9 27 31
Philosophy and artificial intelligence 109
Philosophy in rationalistic tradition 14—17 (see also “Dualism Epistemology Ontology Phenomenology”)
Philosophy of language 17—18 114
Philosophy, analytic 15—16
Phylogeny 44
Physical embodiment of computer 87 103
Physical symbol system 74n 86
Pitts, Walter 41
Plastic system 45 48
Plasticity, of computer 94
Plato 14 30
Possibilities see “Conversation for possibilities”
Power, unintended transfer of 154
Practical understanding 32—33
Pragmatics 19 57
Pragmatist 63n
Praxis 33
Pre-orientation, in decision making 147—149
Pre-understanding 7 28—30 71
Pre-understanding and background 74—76
Pre-understanding and frames 119
Pre-understanding in programming 97 (see also “Background Hermeneutics Prejudice”)
Predicate calculus 18
Prediction 15—16 34 95
Prejudice 28—30
Prejudice and being 32 157
Prejudice in computer program 156—157 (see also “Pre-understanding”)
Present-at-hand 36 71 73 97—98 Ready-to-hand”)
Primitive operation, of computer language 91
Principle of rationality 23
Problem solving 20—23 95—97 131—132 146—150
Problem space 22—23 95 146—147
Problem, generation of 147
Problem, interpretation of 77
Problem, structured vs. unstructured 153 (see also “Decision”)
Profession-oriented domain 133 176
PROGRAM see “Computer program”
Programme see “Research programme”
Programmed decision 153
Programming see “Computer program”
Programming language 87—88 165 176
PROLOG 138n
Promise, as metaphor for statement 60
Property 72—74
Proposition 89
Propositional content 59 161
Prototype 115 171
Psychiatrist, simulation of 120
Psychological state 114
Psychology, cognitive 24—26 114
Putnam, Hilary 62n 105n
Question, behind each statement 112
Ramsey, H.R, 161n
Rational behavior 20
Rational decision making 20 95
Rationalist 16n
Rationalistic orientation 14—17
Rationalistic tradition 7—11 14—26
Rationalistic tradition and cognitive science 24—26
Rationalistic tradition and computer design 178
Rationalistic tradition and decision-making 22
Rationalistic tradition and ontology 72—73
Rationalistic tradition and science 15
Rationality 21—23
Rationality, attributed to computer 106
Rationality, bounded 22 146
Rationality, objective 21
Rationality, principle of 23
Ready-to-hand 32 36—37 71—73 164—165 Unready-to-hand”)
reality see “Existence Naive Objectivity Ontology”
Reasoning 15 18 85
Reasoning and frames 116—118
Reasoning in computer analysis of meaning 108 114
Reasoning in SHRDLU 110 (See also “Logic Representation Thinking”)
Reasoning, informal 117—118
Reasoning, resource limited 118
Recognition as understanding 115—119
Recurrence and distinction 69
Recurrence and meaning 60—68
Recurrence in conversation 67—68 161 168—170
Recurrence in organization 150 158 161
Recurrence in science 16
Recurrence of prepositional content 161
Recurrence of tasks 153
Recursive decomposition 87
Reference in SHRDLU 110 113
Reference of symbol in computer 86
Relevance of alternative 149
Relevance of computer system 153
Representation 33 72—74 84—92
Representation and blindness 97—100
Representation and cognition 73
Representation and knowledge 72—74
Representation and language 108
Representation as interpretation 35
Representation hypothesis 74
Representation in computer 84—92 96—100
Representation in learning 36 101—104
| Representation in nervous system 41—48 73
Representation in problem solving 22—23 (See also “Frame Script”)
Representation of facts 89
Representation, accidental 91—92
Representation, formality of 85 96n
Representation, levels in computer 86—92
Research programme 24
Resolution 147—150 151
Resource, in computer system 91
Resource-limited processing 117—119
Responsibility and communicative competence 162
Responsibility as essential to human 106 (see also “Commitment”)
Responsibility for being understood 63
Responsibility in computer systems 123 155
Restaurant, example of script 120
Ricoeur, Paul 9
Riesbeck, Chris 119 120
Rl (expert system) 131
Roadmap, as analogy for meaning 61
Robot 86 103—104 127—128
Robot, simulated in SHRDLU 109—110
Rosch, Eleanor 57
Rumelhart, David 23n
Russell, Bertrand 17n 175
SAM 119—121
Samuel, Arthur 100
Sapir — Whorf hypothesis 29n
Sartre, Jean Paul 9
Satisfaction see “Condition of satisfaction”
Scacchi, Walt 84n 173n
Scandal of philosophy 31
Schank, Roger 23n 113n 115 116 118n 119 120 128n 130
Scheduling, of work 169
Schema 115
Schon, Donald xiii
science 14—16 24 67
Science, cognitive see “Cognitive science”
Scientific method 15—16
Scott Morton, Michael 145—147 153
Script 120 122
Search in problem solving 22—23
Search, procedure for 96—97
Searle, John xiii 10 54—59 70 86n 104n
Second order structural change 94
Selection 45 100
Semantic correspondence 18
Semantics 18 (see also “Meaning Situation
Semi-structured task 152—153
Semiotics 63n
Sense, of word 55
Sequential processor 88
Sex 122
Shakespeare, computer understanding of 119 122—123
Shakespeare, William 119 122
Shortliffe, Edward 131
SHRDLU 109—111 113 121
Simon, Herbert 20—22 26 86 95 145 153
Simulation 20—21 95
Sincerity condition 60
Situation as set of alternatives 146
Situation of irresolution 147—150
Situation semantics 69n
Situation, established vs, emergent 153
Situation, hermeneutic 29
Sluzier, Suzanne 161n
Smith, Brian xiv
Social basis of meaning 33 60—63 67—68 76
Software, see “Computer program”
Solipsism 31 51
Speaker/hearer, computer model of 114
Specification language 176
Specification, of state 43
Speech act 56 58—60 76—77
Speech act and rationalistic tradition 60
Speech act and time 67 160 Conversation”)
Speech act in background 63
Speech act in coordinator 159—162
Speech act, application in computer design 77
Speech act, taxonomy of 159
Speech, recognition by computer 129
Spreadsheet 175n 176
Stance, for explanation 106
Standard observer 67
Stanford University xi xiii xiv
State in problem solving 22
State of speaker/hearer 114
Steering wheel 164
Stipulative definition 112
Stockton, William 3 152
Stokoe, Peter xiv
Storage, in computer 84 88 91
Strange loop 124
Strategic Computing Initiative 134
Strategy 20
Structural change 44—48
Structural change, evolutionary 103
Structural change, first order 94
Structural change, second order 94
Structural coupling 45—49 71—72 75
Structural coupling and design 53
Structural coupling and learning 102—104
Structural coupling in evolution 103
Structural plasticity see “Plasticity”
Structural semantics 18
Structure-determined system 41—46 52 99 118
Structured dynamic medium 176
Structured problem 153
Subject-object distinction 30—31 (See also “Objectivity”)
Subjectivity of meaning 28—30
Superhuman-human fallacy 99
Suppes, Patrick 18n 48n
Symbol structure 22—23 84—86
Symbol system 25 (see also “Physical symbol system”)
System Development Foundation xiv
System development methodology 171
System specification language 177
Systematic domain 96
Tarski, Alfred 17n
Task domain, and blindness 97
Task environment 22 96
Task, structured vs. semi-structured 153
Tatter, Paul 63n
tau 122
Taxonomy of speech acts 58—59
technology 177—179 (see also “Design”)
TEIRESIAS 123
Temporality in coordinator 159—161
Temporality in organization 169
Temporality in speech act 160
Terminal, of frame 115
text see “Interpretation Understanding”
The Coordinator 159
Theoretical understanding 32
Theory as computer program 26
Theory, relevance to design xii
Thing 72—73
Thinking 16 71 73 Intelligence Rationality Reasoning Understanding”)
Thought see “Thinking”
Thrownness 33—36 71 78 97 145—147
Thrownness within language 68
Time see “Temporality”
Tool, see “Computer Design Network Technology”
Top 122
Trachtman, Paul xiv
Tradition 7—9 60—63
Tradition and language 40 61
Tradition and objectivity 60—63
Tradition and pre-understanding 74
Tradition, concealment of 7 179
Tradition, rationalistic see “Rationalistic tradition”
|
|
|
| Ðåêëàìà |
|
|
|
|
|
Î ïðîåêòå