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| Ïîèñê ïî óêàçàòåëÿì |
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| Winograd T. — Understanding computers and cognition |
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| Ïðåäìåòíûé óêàçàòåëü |
Dreyfus, Hubert xiv 10n 16 32n 99n 132
Dreyfus, Stuart 99n 132
Driving, as example of decision making 145
DSS see “Decision support system”
Dualism 30—31 39 47
D’Amato, Anthony 156
Effectiveness of representation 85
Effectiveness vs. efficiency 153
Efficiency of computer operations 91
Efficiency vs. effectiveness 153
Electronic mail 165—166
ELIZA 120—124
Emergent situation 153
Empiricism 16n
Energy crisis 147
Engagement, in speech act 59
Environment 43n 44—46 48
Epistemology 44 73
Equipment see “Network of equipment”
Erhard, Werner xiii
Eskimo 69
Established situation 153
Ethnomethodology 29n
EURISKO 130
Evans, Christopher 4 99 156
Everydayness 34 98
Evolution and learning programs 100—107
Evolution as structural coupling 45
Evolution, artificial 100—104
Evolution, biological 44—46
Evolution, time scale of 103
Exclusionary commitment 149
Existence 68—69 (see also “Being Ontology”)
Expectation see “Frame”
Experiential, grounding of meaning 67
Expert 132
Expert and meaning 62n
Expert as systematic domain 175 (see also “Fifth generation”)
Expert system 131—139
Expert, limitations 132—133
Expert, representation of knowledge 99
Explanation see “Domain”
Expressive, type of speech act 59
Fagen, Richard xiv
Feigenbaum, Edvard 108n 125 133n
Feldman, Julian 108n
Felicity condition, of speech act 56 58
Fifth generation computer system 133—139
Fillmore, Charles 112n
First order structural change 94
Fit, as example of condition of satisfaction 171—172
Flores, Fernando xi xiv 159n 179n
Floyd, Robert xiv
Fodor, Jerry 18n 86n 109 112n
Fogel, Lawrence 102
Formal grounding of meaning 67
Formal representation see “Representation”
Formalist approach to management 21
Formalization, and recurrence 64—68
Frame 115—119 130
Frege, Gottlob 17n 175
Frenk, Samy 41
Freud, Sigmund 6
Frog, visual system 41 46
Front end, natural language 128
Functional description 39
Gadamer, Hans-Georg xii 9 28—32 61 70 99 105 112 157
Galileo 30
Game as model for logic 67
Game theory 20
Game, program for playing 97
Gardner, Anne xiv 177n
Garfinkel, Harold 29n
General Problem Solver 95
Gerson, Elihu xiv
Gestalt psychology 51
Goal, in problem solving 22 53
Goffman, Erving 29n
GPS see “General Problem Solver”
Graves, Michael xiii
Gravity, as example of present-at-hand 36
Grice, H.P. 57
Grimes, J.D. 161n
Grosz, Barbara 113n
Grounding, of speech act 67—69
Habermas, Jurgen 9 10 59 62 76 112
Hallucination 43
Hammer, as readiness-to-hand 33 36
Hardware see “Computer”
Harman, Gilbert 18n
Haugeland, John 10n
Hayes, Pat 96n
Hearer’s knowledge, computer analysis of 114
Heidegger, Martin xii 9 10 12 27 30—39 58 61 70—73 76—78 97—99 104 112 119 146 165
Hermenet, Inc. 179n
Hermeneutic circle 30 32
Hermeneutics 27—30
Hermeneutics and commitment 76
Hermeneutics and frames 116
Hermeneutics, objectivist 28 (See also “Interpretation”)
Heuristic see “Search”
Hierarchical decomposition 87
Hierarchy of levels 94
High-level programming language 88—91 96n
Hintikka, Jaako 18n 67n
Hirsch, E.D. 28n
Historicity and tradition 7
Historicity of domains 64
Historicity of individual 29
History, embodied in structure 47
Hobbs, Jerry 113n
Hofstadter, Douglas 118n 124
Holt, Anatol xiii 161
Horizon 28 30 Interpretation Pre-understanding”)
Husserl, Edmund 9 31
Hypothesis, in science 15
Idealism 31
Illocutionary force 59
Illocutionary in coordinator 159—161
Implementation of computer program 91
Implementation of functional mechanism 39
Implementation of programming language 87
Indexical 19n 111
Indicative 19
Individual 29 33
Infelicity 55
Inference see “Reasoning”
information 50 73 76
Information-processing psycholo 25
Information-processing system 22
Input, to nervous system 42
Institute for New Generation Computer Technology 134
Instruction, of computer 88
Instructive interaction 43
Integrated circuit 133n
Intelligence 93—106
Intelligence and blindness 97—100
Intelligence and learning 100
Intelligence as rational problem solving 95—97 98
Intelligence of computers 104—106 (see also “Artificial intelligence”)
Intelligence, artificial see “Artificial intelligence”
Intelligence, theories of 23—26 131 Rationality Thinking Understanding”)
Intentional stance 106
Intentional state, of speaker 60
Interface, human-computer 136—137 164
Interpretation 27—33 35 111—114
Interpretation and breakdown 171—172
Interpretation and design 178
Interpretation and existence 30—33
Interpretation and frames 115—116
| Interpretation in conversation 66
Interpretation in law 177
Interpretation of texts 27—28 (See also “Background Herme-neutics Language Pre-understanding Understanding”)
Interpreter, for programming language 88
Inventory control, as example of anticipating breakdown 172
Irrationality 8 145
Irresolution 147 167
Jackendoff, Ray 18n
Japan see “Fifth generation”
Jastrow, Robert 4
Job scheduling, by computer 169
John-Steiner, Vera 63n
Johnson, Mark 68n
K-lines 130
Katz, J.J. 18n 112n
Keen, Peter 145—147 153
Keenan, Edward 18n
Key-word recognition 109
Kling, Rob xiii 84n 173n
Knowledge 46—48 72—76
Knowledge acquisition 98—99 175
Knowledge and interpretation 74—76
Knowledge and shared background 78 (see also “Cognition Epistemology Representation”)
Knowledge engineering 74 96 126 175
Knowledge of expert 132
Knowledge, computer manipulation of 74
Kohler, Wolfgang 51
KRL (Knowledge Representation Language) 118n
Kuhn, Thomas 24
Lakatos, Imre 24 55n
Lakoff, George xiii 68n
Land, Edwin 41n
Language 17—20 29—30 49—50 54—69 76—77 107—124
Language and being 29
Language and cognition 49—50
Language and existence 68—69 78 174
Language and shared background 74—76
Language and truth 17—20
Language arbitrariness of 49
Language as action 35 76—77 179
Language as commitment 58—60 105 123
Language as consensual domain 49—50
Language as orienting behavior 50
Language as social 61
Language as tradition 29
Language game 67
Language, high-level see “High-level programming language”
Language, internal 20
Language, machine see “Machine language”
Language, natural see “Natural language”
Language, programming see “Programming language”
Language, understanding by computer see “Understanding” (See also “Distinction Information Interpretation Listening Meaning Pre-understanding Understanding”)
Law 156 177
Learning 44—47
Learning by computer 100—104
Leech, Geoffrey 18n
Lehnert, Wendy 121n
Lenat, Douglas 130
Lettvin, Jerry 41
Level of representation see “Representation”
Library, electronic 166—167
Lindsay, Robert 131
Linguistic act 66 147
Linguistic semantics 18
Linsky, Leonard 18n
listening 54—58 63 66
Literal meaning 19 54—57 111—112
Living system 44—48
Logic as game 67n
Logic in computer 87—91 96n
Logic of argument 67—68
Logic, bypassing 115 118
Logic, non-monotonic 117
Ludlow, Juan xiii 159n
Lyons, Johnn 18n
M.I.T. see “Massachusetts Institute of Technology”)
Macbeth 122
Machine intelligence see “Artificial intelligence”
Machine language 91
Machine Translation 107—108 135 138
Macintosh 165
Man, David 130n
Management 143—162
Management and conversation 157—162
Management and decision making 144—147 153
Management and network of commitments 150—152
Management as concern with action 151
Management as generation of contexts 151
Management as problem solving 146
Mapping, in representation 85
Massachusetts Institute of Technology xi 130
Matching, of frame 115
Maturana, Humberto xii xiv 10 15 38 40—53 61 64 67 70—76 92 94 99 102 118 119 178
McCarthy, John 111
McCorduck, Pamela 133n
McCulloch, Warren 41
McDermott, John 131
Mead, George Herbert 9 63
Meaning 17—20 54—63 111—114
Meaning and commitment 58—60 63 67—68
Meaning as distinction 69
Meaning, computer analysis of 107—124
Meaning, formalization of 19 108
Meaning, full vs. literal 111
Meaning, literal see “Literal meaning”
Meaning, objective see “Objectivity
Meaning, social basis for 33
Meaning, subjective see “Subjectivity” (see also “Hermeneutics Interpretation Listening Speechact Understanding”)
Medicine, artificial intelligence in 132—133 155
Medium 43—47
Memory 114 115
Mental predicate 47 105—106 123
Mental representation see “Representation”
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice 9
Meta-knowledge 123
META-MOP 122
Meta-reference 86
Metaphor 68 (see also “Analogy”)
Meyer, Charles xiv
Microcode 88n 90
Microcomputer 133n
Microworld 121—123
Mind-body dualism see “Dualism”
Mind-modeler, in artificial intelligence 126
Minsky, Marvin 100 108n 115 118 130
Mintzberg, Henry 151
MITI 134
Model for simulation 21
Model, cognitive 130
Model, mental 73 (see also “Representation”)
Modular decomposition 87 90
Monitor, of commitment 160
Moore, James 115
Moravcsik, Julius 18n 57
Moto-oka, Tohru 135—137
Mutual orientation 76
MYCIN 131
Naive realism 69n 72
Natural kind 105n
Natural language 107n
Natural language as closed system 41—44 73
Natural language as generating phenomena 42
Natural language in computer applications 128—129
Natural language in fifth generation 135 138
Natural language, computer understanding of see “Understanding”
Natural language, front end 129
Natural language, models of 131
Neobehaviorism 48
Nervous system 41—48 73 102—103
Network of commitment 150—152 162
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