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Accetta J.S. (ed.), Shumaker D.L. (ed.), Zissis J. (ed.) — The Infrared & Electro-Optical Systems Handbook. Volume 1: Sources of Radiation
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Íàçâàíèå: The Infrared & Electro-Optical Systems Handbook. Volume 1: Sources of RadiationÀâòîðû: Accetta J.S. (ed.), Shumaker D.L. (ed.), Zissis J. (ed.)Àííîòàöèÿ: The Infrared and Electro-Optical Systems Handbook is a joint product of the Infrared Information Analysis Center (IRIA) and the International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE). Sponsored by the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC), this work is an outgrowth of its predecessor, The Infrared Handbook, published in 1978. The circulation of nearly 20,000 copies is adequate testimony to its wide acceptance in the electro-optics and infrared communities. The Infrared Handbook was itself preceded by The Handbook of Military Infrared Technology. Since its original inception, new topics and technologies have emerged for which little or no reference material exists. This work is intended to update and complement the current Infrared Handbook by revision, addition of new materials, and reformatting to increase its utility. Of necessity, some material from the current book was reproduced as is, having been adjudged as being current and adequate. The 45 chapters represent most subject areas of current activity in the military, aerospace, and civilian communities and contain material that has rarely appeared so extensively in the open literature.
ßçûê: Ðóáðèêà: Òåõíîëîãèÿ /Ñòàòóñ ïðåäìåòíîãî óêàçàòåëÿ: Ãîòîâ óêàçàòåëü ñ íîìåðàìè ñòðàíèö ed2k: ed2k stats Ãîä èçäàíèÿ: 1993Êîëè÷åñòâî ñòðàíèö: 383Äîáàâëåíà â êàòàëîã: 18.12.2010Îïåðàöèè: Ïîëîæèòü íà ïîëêó |
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Ïðåäìåòíûé óêàçàòåëü
Radiometers, components, optics 319 Radiometers, dual-band 333—334 Radiometers, ideal radiometers 321—324 330 Radiometers, imaging 333 Radiometers, laser power meters 333 Radiometers, normalization 323—324 Radiometers, performance characterization, detectivity 320 Radiometers, performance characterization, radiation reference level 318 Radiometers, performance characterization, responsivity 319—324 Radiometers, scanning 140—141 333 Radiometers, spectral radiance 322—324 Radiometers, spectral responsivity 318—324 Radiometric curves 13—21 Radiometric measurements 317 Radiometric measurements of a distant source 317 Radiometric symbols, nomenclature, and units 3—8 21 23 51 167 318—322 Radiometric temperature 30—32 Radiometric temperature for colored bodies 30 Radiometric temperature for graybodies 30 Radiometric temperature, color temperature 32 Radiometric temperature, distribution temperature 31 Radiometric temperature, radiance (brightness) temperature 30—31 Radiometric temperature, radiation temperature 30 Radiometric temperature, ratio temperature 31 Radiometric terms 5 Radiometric terms, exitance 5 Radiometric terms, fluence exposure 5 Radiometric terms, flux 5 Radiometric terms, flux density 5 Radiometric terms, incidance 5 Radiometric terms, intensity 5 Radiometric terms, quantity 5 Radiometric terms, radiosity 5 Radiometric terms, sterance 5 Radiometric terms, sterisent 5—6 Radiometric transfer 29 Radiometric units, in astronomy 167 Radiometry 315—364 Radiometry, infrared radiometry 331—334 Radiometry, nomenclature 318 Radiometry, parameters, field of view 321 Radiometry, parameters, frequency response 321 Radiometry, parameters, incident flux 319 Radiometry, parameters, irradiance 319 Radiometry, parameters, noise fluctuation 320 Radiometry, parameters, output signal 319 Radiometry, parameters, peak spectral responsivity 324 Radiometry, parameters, radiance 320 Radiometry, parameters, radiance spectral responsivity 321 Radiometry, parameters, reference irradiance level 320 Radiometry, parameters, responsivity normalization constant 321 Radiometry, parameters, spatial dependency 321 Radiometry, parameters, spectral dependency 321 Radiometry, parameters, spectral response 321 Radiometry, parameters, spectral responsivity 321—322 Radiometry, parameters, temporal frequency bandwidth 321 Radiometry, parameters, throughput 323 Radiosity 5 Ratio temperature 31 Rayleigh 167 Rayleigh criterion 336 Reference radiation level 317 319 325—326 Reflectance 26 139 142—146 Reflectance, BRDF 26 Reflectance, bulk 142—144 Reflectance, surface 142—144 Reflection 26 Reflectivity 21 26—27 Reflectivity, bihemispherical 26 Reflectivity, diffuse 26 Reflectivity, hemispherical 27 Reflectivity, partial 54 Relative contrast 11 Relative humidity 147 Resolution 318 Responsivity normalization constant 321 Responsivity of a radiometer 317 319 Reststrahlen bands 144 Rocks and minerals, spectral emissivity 230—233 246 Rocks and minerals, spectral radiance 218 Rocks and minerals, spectral reflectance 235—239 241—246 Roland mounting 342 Sagnac interferometer 353—354 Satellites, earth observations 210—213 Satellites, path length 212 Scanning radiometers 140—141 333 Scattering 143 Scattering by clouds 230 Scattering from atmospheric particulates 200 Scattering of solar radiation 194—196 Scattering of vegetation 281 Scattering, solar scattering angle 213 Sea surface 254—258 Sea surface, geometry of 254 Sea surface, photographic reflectance 256 Sea surface, radiance 256 Sea surface, reflectance 254 257 Sea surface, spectral radiance 257—258 Sea surface, temperature distribution 257—258 Seawater 254—265 Seawater, absorption coefficient 256 258 Seawater, bulk reflectance 262 Seawater, spectral irradiance 260 Seawater, spectral reflectance 261 Shot noise 361 Signal-to-noise ratio 318 Simulation 128—133 Simulation, environmental conditions 130 Simulation, target/background geometry 130 Simulation, temperature prediction 130 SIRIM 130—133 Sky 194—210 Sky, clear sky 194—198 Sky, overcast sky 199 Sky, particulate statistics 199—200 Sky, sky cover 230—234 Sky, spectral apparent temperature 247—249 Sky, spectral radiance 196—198 220 Sky, thermal radiation 199 Skylight 147 Snell's law 26 Snow, properties of 271—278 Snow, properties of, depth of penetration 272—273 Snow, properties of, extinction rate 271 Snow, properties of, free-water absorption 273 Snow, properties of, reflectance 273—278 Snow, properties of, reflectance and emission model 272 Soil and sand, spectral radiance 218—219 221 Soil and sand, spectral reflectance 230 235—240 Solar circle 190 Solar flux 192 Solar radiation 151—162 194—199 Solar radiation, exoatmospheric 151 Solar radiation, scattering 194—199 Solar radiation, terrestrial 151—152 Solar scattering 195—196 Solar scattering, scattering angle 213 Solar spectral irradiance 152—162 Solids, spectra 36 Sommerfeld model 32 Sources, artificial 49—135 see Sources, artificial, activated phosphor sources 108 Sources, artificial, calibration of 59 Sources, artificial, carbon arc 77—84 Sources, artificial, concentrated arc lamps 93 99—100 Sources, artificial, enclosed arc and discharge sources (high pressure) 82—90 Sources, artificial, enclosed arc and discharge sources (low pressure) 90—93 Sources, artificial, far-UV sources 62—63 Sources, artificial, field (man-made) targets 108—127 Sources, artificial, glow modulator tubes 100 103—105 Sources, artificial, hydrogen and deuterium arcs 103 107 Sources, artificial, incandescent sources 65—77 Sources, artificial, laboratory sources, commercial 64—108 Sources, artificial, laboratory sources, standard 52—64 Sources, artificial, laser 63—69 Sources, artificial, light-emitting diodes 108 Sources, artificial, symbols, nomenclature and units 51 Sources, natural 137—314 see "Earth" "Ice" "Moon" "Night "Snow" "Stars" "Sun" Sources, natural, extragalactic infrared sources 181—190 Sources, natural, galactic infrared point sources 179—181 Sources, natural, idealized sources 139 Sources, natural, idealized sources, ideal diffuse source 139 Sources, natural, idealized sources, ideal specular (mirror) surface 139 Sources, natural, idealized sources, isotropic point source 139 Sources, natural, idealized sources, Lambertian sources 139 Sources, natural, spectral energy distribution of 179—180 Spacecraft materials, emissivity of 113 Spectra, atomic 32—34 Spectra, molecular (gases) 34—36 Spectra, solids 36 Spectral emissivity 145 Spectral exitance 145—146 Spectral index 180 Spectral line shapes 36—37 Spectral line shapes, Doppler line 37 Spectral line shapes, Lorentz line 37 Spectral line shapes, Lorentz line, natural linewidth 37 Spectral line shapes, mixed (Voigt) line 37 Spectral luminous efficiency 174 Spectral photon contrast 20—21 Spectral photon exitance 17—18 Spectral radiance 6 Spectral radiant contrast 19—20 Spectral radiant exitance 8 Spectral radiant exitance vs dimensionless frequency 16 Spectral radiant exitance vs wave number 14—16 Spectral radiant exitance vs wavelength 14—15 Spectral reflectance, of materials in the near-UV/VIS 114 Spectral weighting function 6 Spectra] line shifts 359 Spectrometers 146 263 338—362 see "Interferometers" "Prisms" Spectrometers, Bunsen — Kirchhoff 338 Spectrometers, coding masks 360 Spectrometers, cw difference-frequency spectrometer 361 Spectrometers, Eagle 343—344 Spectrometers, Ebert — Fastie 343 345 Spectrometers, examples of 348 Spectrometers, Hadamard transform spectrometer 361 Spectrometers, heterodyne spectrometer 361 Spectrometers, high altitude 201—202 207 Spectrometers, imaging 361 Spectrometers, Littrow 340—341 343 Spectrometers, mirror 340—341 Spectrometers, Paschen — Runge 343 Spectrometers, Pfund 341 343 345 Spectrometers, single-beam double-pass 339 342 Spectrometers, tunable far-IR laser spectrometer 362 Spectrometers, unicam prism-grating, double-monochromator 346 Spectrometers, Wadsworth 343—344 Spectroradiometers 333—348 Spectroradiometers, AMOS 334 Spectroradiometers, components 334—335 Spectroradiometers, diagram of 335 Spectroradiometers, examples of 348 Spectroradiometers, gratings 337—347 Spectroradiometers, imaging 333 Spectroradiometers, prisms 335—347 spreadsheets 19 22 24—25 Standards 57—64 Standards at high-temperatures 80 Standards, baseline standard of radiation 58—59 Standards, baseline standard of radiation, goldpoint blackbody 58—59 Standards, baseline standard of radiation, variable-temperature radiator 58—59 Standards, color temperature standard lamps 60 Standards, far-UV radiometric sources 62—63 Standards, infrared radiometric standards 60—62 Standards, infrared radiometric standards, spectral irradiance lamps 61 Standards, infrared radiometric standards, spectral radiance ribbon filament lamps 61 Standards, laser sources 63—64 66—69 Standards, photometric standards 60—62 Standards, photometric standards, airway beacon lamps 60 Standards, photometric standards, luminous flux standards 60 Standards, photometric standards, luminous intensity standards 60 Standards, primary standard of light 57—58 Standards, primary standard of light, candela 57 Standards, radiometric 317 326—332 Standards, working standards of radiation 59 Stars 140 165—194 Stars, concentration of 169 172—173 Stars, number of 167—171 Stars, spectral classification of 167—170 Stars, spectral irradiance of 174—175 Stellar magnitudes 165—176 Stellar magnitudes, absolute magnitude 166 Stellar magnitudes, apparent magnitude 166 Stellar magnitudes, infrared magnitude 175 Stellar magnitudes, interstellar extinction 166—167 Stellar magnitudes, photographic magnitude 169 171 Stellar magnitudes, visual magnitude 166 174—176 Stellar magnitudes, zero magnitude spectral flux density 166 Stellar radiation, spectral distribution 173 Stellar spectral classes 167—173 Stephan — Boltzmann law 12 Sterance 5—6 8 Sterisent 5—6 Stratospheric aerosols 199 Subscripts 6 Subscripts, band radiance 6 Subscripts, photon (quantum) flux quantities 6 Subscripts, spectral radiance 6 Subscripts, visible radiance 6 Sun 151—162 Sun, declination angle 213—214 Sun, elevation angle 213 Sun, spectral distribution curves 154 Sun, spectral irradiance 155—162 Sun, zenith angle 154 Sunlight 147 191 Suprasil™ 107 Surface exitance 148 Surface radiance 217—226 Surface temperature 146—151 Talbot 8 Target radiation 108—127 Target radiation, aircraft 110—118 123 Target radiation, vehicles 108—111 Target-background contrast 127 Temperature 145 see Temperature, apparent 139 Temperature, blackbody 57 Temperature, brightness 30—31 temperature, color 32 79 139 176 Temperature, colored body 30 Temperature, contrast 13 Temperature, distribution 31 Temperature, graybody 30 Temperature, predicting 130 Temperature, radiance 30—31 Temperature, radiometric 30—32 Temperature, steady-state 148 Temperature, surface 146—151 Terrain background statistics 299—308 Thermal emission 145—146 175 Thermal imagers 333 Thermal images of aircraft 124 Thermal images of naval vessels 126—127 Thermal images of surface vehicle 122 Thermal inertia 150 Thermal modeling 145—151 Thermal properties of materials 150
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