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Smith D.K., Alexander R.C. — Fumbling the future: how Xerox invented, then ignored, the first personal computer
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Íàçâàíèå: Fumbling the future: how Xerox invented, then ignored, the first personal computerÀâòîðû: Smith D.K., Alexander R.C. Àííîòàöèÿ: Ask consumers and users what names they associate with the multibillion dollar personal computer market, and they will answer IBM, Apple, Tandy, or Lotus. The more knowledgable of them will add the likes of Microsoft, Ashton-Tate, Compaq, and Borland. But no one will say Xerox. Fifteen years after it invented personal computing, Xerox still means "copy."
ßçûê: Ðóáðèêà: Computer science /Ñòàòóñ ïðåäìåòíîãî óêàçàòåëÿ: Ãîòîâ óêàçàòåëü ñ íîìåðàìè ñòðàíèö ed2k: ed2k stats Ãîä èçäàíèÿ: 1999Êîëè÷åñòâî ñòðàíèö: 276Äîáàâëåíà â êàòàëîã: 28.10.2010Îïåðàöèè: Ïîëîæèòü íà ïîëêó |
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914 Copier 27 — 28 37 45 137 155 9200 copier 186 — 189 9700 laser xerographic computer printer 195 — 197 Advanced Research Projects Administration see ARPA ARPAnet Advanced Systems Division 210 — 214 232 244 Advertising 13 — 14 17 Allair 8800 233 — 234 Alto 14 — 15 113 Alto III see Alto rejection Alto, and Advanced Systems Division 210 — 214 Alto, and Computer Science Laboratory timesharing system 75 — 85 Alto, and establishment of PARC 53- 63 Alto, and Ethernet 97 — 98 Alto, and Goldman’s effort to initiate market probe 209 — 210 Alto, and «Dynabook» 84 — 85 Alto, and «multitasking» 92 — 93 151 Alto, application of at Ginn and Co. 105 — 106 109 Alto, building of 87 — 97 Alto, commercial for 18 — 19 20 Alto, cost problems of 90 — 92 Alto, decision against marketing of 19- 20 Alto, demonstration of at Xerox World Conference 201 — 203 205— Alto, demonstration of for Jobs 241 Alto, personal computers and 211— 212 234 Alto, redesign of 113 Alto, rejection of 117 — 127 Alto, rejection of, and bias against computers 202 Alto, rejection of, and costs research 172 — 175 Alto, rejection of, and Goldman 153 — 163 Alto, rejection of, and Hughes group study 135 — 141 Alto, rejection of, and isolation of PARC 143 — 152 Alto, rejection of, and McCardell 132 — 135 Alto, rejection of, and Potter 165 — 171 Alto, rejection of, and problems with Scientific Data Systems 121 — 128 129 Alto, rejection of, and recession of 1975 120- 121 Alto, rejection of, and recommendation of Display Word Processing Task Force 173 — 175 Alto, rejection of, and reorganization of Scientific Data Systems 125 — 127 145 147 Alto, rejection of, and word processors 166 — 171 Alto, rejection of, and Xerox’s antitrust problems 117 — 120 Alto, software for 95 102 Alto, testing of 93 — 103 211 212 rejection PARC) Alto-Ethernet-EARS-Bravo system 110 — 112 and competition in copier industry 182 — 186 190 Antitrust suits against Xerox 117 — 120 Apple Computer 13 14 16 19 211 234 237 241 ARC see Augmentation Research Center ARPA 57 59 60 66 72 107 144 243 ARPANET 60 73 96 Atlantic Monthly, The 106 107 Augmentation Research Center 107 — 109 Babbage, Charles 66 Batch processing 57 58 61 107 Baudelaire, Patrick 75 — 76 210 212 213 241 257 Becker, Horace 157 183 197 199 Berkeley Computer Corporation 68 70 73 Bock, Richard 207 — 208 Boggs, David 97 257 Brand, Stewart 148 — 149 Bravo word processing program 102 103 110 113 Bush, Vannevar 106 — 107 Business Development Group 125 Business Planning Group 161 Business Week 117 Carlson, Chester 34 — 36 39 203 Carter, Jimmy 190 Carter, Shelby 211 212 Charlap, Paul 184 Clark, Larry 93 Commercial Investment Trust 29- 30 Computer Science Laboratory 61 109 144 243 Computer Science Laboratory, and Alto use 95 Computer Science Laboratory, and development of timesharing system 75 — 85 Computer Science Laboratory, and Ethernet 97 Computer Science Laboratory, and switching tech¬nology 82 — 83 Computer Science Laboratory, and Taylor 63 72 253 Computer Science Laboratory, and «Dynabook» 86 Computer Science Laboratory, conflicts in 251 — 253 Computer Science Laboratory, hiring at 75 — 76 Computer Science Laboratory, organizational structure at 75 — 77 77 Computer Science Laboratory, reorganization 249 — 250 Computer science, and Babbage 66 Computer science, and bit mapping 88 — 89 Computer science, and Bush 106 — 107 Computer science, and development of computers 41 — 42 Computer science, and Engelbart 87 — 88 107 Computer science, and Ethernet 97 — 98 Computer science, and networking 95- 98 Computer science, and switching technology 83 Computer science, and timesharing 59 Computer science, and «interactivity» concept 57 — 59 Computer science, in 1970s 15 — 16 Computer science, in late 1960s 24 Computer science, xerography and 33 (see also Personal computers) Culbertson, Dave 212 213 Currie, F. Rigdon 127 Dessauer, John 36 40 43 Deutsch, Peter 148 Digital Equipment Corporation 47 122 Display Word Processing Task Force 172 173 206 230 Dolphin 231 Dorado word processor 242 Ears 101 — 102 103800 EARS 2068200 Copier 218 EARS 850 Word Processor 174 — 175 EARS word processing typewriter 169 — 171 Electro-Optical Systems 154 165 Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator see ENIAC Electronic spreadsheets 234 — 235 Elkind, Jerry 172 173 257 Elkind, Jerry, and Advanced Systems Division 210 — 214 Elkind, Jerry, and conflicts with Taylor 243 — 245 Elkind, Jerry, and PARC 72 — 74 Elkind, Jerry, and Star project 232 Elkind, Jerry, ElIenby and 205 212 Ellenby, John 113 172 176 241 242 257 Ellenby, John, and Advanced Systems Division 210 — 214 Ellenby, John, and Alto III rejection 206 212 Ellenby, John, and Apple computers 211 — 212 Ellenby, John, and «Futures Day» 205 — 214 Ellenby, John, background of 205 Engelbart, Douglas C. 87 — 88 107— 169 English, Bill 105 107 ENIAC 41 42 46 Ethernet laser printer 97 — 98 108 112 172 175 254 Flex 66 — 67 84 Ford Motor Company 38 40 42 53 54 132 153 156 Fortune 242 253 Fuji-Xerox of Japan 119 — 120 222 Gcschke, Chuck 207 209 241 257 Ginn and Company 105 — 106 109- 149 173 Goldman, Jack 40 136 170 172 175 176 197 229 247 248 257 Goldman, Jack, and conflict with O’Neill and Sparacino 158 — 159 160 215— Goldman, Jack, and efforts to market Alto 209 — 210 Goldman, Jack, and Livermore plan 196 Goldman, Jack, and McCardell’s resignation 190 — 191 Goldman, Jack, and PARC 53 — 56 74 Goldman, Jack, and PARCs commercial opportunities 153 — 163 173 Goldman, Jack, and Xerox’s acquisition of Scientific Data Systems 42 — 43 45 Goldman, Jack, career at Xerox of 40 — 41 Goldman, Jack, goals of 33 — 34 144 Goldman, Jack, on inventions 34 35 Goldman, Jack, on peer rejection at Xerox 160 — 161 Goldman, Jack, resignation of 215 — 217 Gunning, Bill 61 70 71 74 105 149 257 Gypsy program 111 — 112 173 Hall, Harold 249 Haloid Company 24 25 36 38 119 Hartnett, John 15 Hay, Ray 125 134 Herbert, Evan 95 Hoff, Ted 83 — 64 Hughes, Michael 150 160 221 257 Hughes, Michael, and committee on Xerox’s strategy 135 — 141 Hughes, Michael, and «Futures Day» 208 209 IBM 165 188 IBM PC 13 — 14 16 237 IBM, -compatible peripherals 47 IBM, and personal computer industry 14 19 IBM, and Scientific Data Systems 46 122— IBM, antitrust suits and 45 47 120 IBM, competition between Xerox and 24 27 47- 117 124 182 184 196 197 229 IBM, Magnetic Tape Selectric Typewriter introduced by 165 — 166 IBM, Xerox executives from 193 IBM, «Charlie Chaplin» ads of 13 — 14 16 Information Technology Group 125 126 127 154 156 210 Interactivity 57 — 63 87 107 242 Janus project 230 — 231 (see also Star computer office system) Japanese competition 198 — 199 221 Jobs tour of 241 Jobs, Steven 14 17. 242 Kay, Alan 93 246 257 Kay, Alan, and Systems Science Laboratory 71 173 241 Kay, Alan, and Taylor 65 78- Kay, Alan, and «Dynabook», 84 — 85 Kay, Alan, background of 66 — 67 Kay, Alan, joins PARC 70 Kay, Alan, on scientists at PARC 76 Kay, Alan, Rolling Stone article on 148- 149 Kearns, David 203 257 Kearns, David, and Elkind-Ellenby conflict 212 — 214 215 Kearns, David, and Massaro resignation 240 Kearns, David, and O’Neill — Goldman conflict 215- 216 Kearns, David, and Pake 248 — 249 Kearns, David, and plans for Xerox World Conference of 1977 194 — 195 Kearns, David, and reorganization of Xerox 222 — 224 Kearns, David, and stagnation of Xerox after 1977 219 — 224 Kearns, David, and Taylor 253 Kearns, David, career 193 Kearns, David, chosen as Xerox president 191 193 Kearns, David, management concept of 199 — 200 Kearns, David, Massaro and 227 228 Kearns, David, speech at Xerox World Conference of 199 — 200 Kilby, Jack 83 Kodak 188 Kodak, competition with Xerox 182 — 183 184 197 215 Kodak, development of copying machine at 45 Lampson, Butler 73 84 97 110 144 158 173 196 242 246 SLOT) Lampson, Butler, 9700 195 - 197 Lampson, Butler, and building of Alto 81 — 83 87 Lampson, Butler, and Computer Science Laboratory 72 76 245 Lampson, Butler, and IBM 196 Lampson, Butler, and rejection of Alto III 174 — 175 Lampson, Butler, and Star project 231 — 232 Lampson, Butler, background of 67 — 68 Lampson, Butler, first 14 Lampson, Butler, joins PARC staff 68 — 70 Lampson, Butler, Laser printer, «Dovers» 206 Lampson, Butler, on document compiler 102 — 103 Lampson, Butler, on Ethernet 97 Lampson, Butler, on Taylor 77 Lampson, Butler, O’Neill — Goldman conflict over 158 — 159 Lampson, Butler, PARC invention of 98 — 102 Lampson, Butler, resignation of 254 Lampson, Butler, Xerox 19 Lewis, Jack 172 196 Lickiider, J.C.R. 57 58 81 95 107 Liddle and 229 Liddle, David 257 Liddle, David, and development of Star computer office system 229 — 233 238 Liddle, David, and Janus project 230 — 231 Liddle, David, background of 228 Liddle, David, Massaro and 228 — 229 Liddle, David, resignation of 241 Lyons, Jim 136 150 Macintosh 241 — 242 Magnetic Tape Selectric Type¬writer 165 — 166 Marshall, Frank 194 — 195 199 Massaro, Don 227 — 229 232 233 237 240 241 McCardell, Archie 158 159 161 162. 221 227 257 McCardell, Archie, and competition in copier industry 186 190 McCardell, Archie, and Hughes group study 136 — 141 143 McCardell, Archie, and O’neill — Goldman conflict 160 McCardell, Archie, and product development 153- 154 165 169 McCardell, Archie, and Xerox World Conference 194 McCardell, Archie, as Xerox president 129 132 McCardell, Archie, background of 132 — 133 McCardell, Archie, leaves Xerox 190 — 191 193 194 McColough, Peter 36 113 161 252 McColough, Peter, and 914 Copier 17 — 18 McColough, Peter, and acquisition of Commercial Investment Trust 29 — 30 McColough, Peter, and antitrust suits against Xerox 118 — 121 132 McColough, Peter, and diversification of Xerox 45 — 46 McColough, Peter, and Hughes group study 136 — 141 McColough, Peter, and Odyssey 125 — 126 McColough, Peter, and O’neill — Gold man conflict 160 McColough, Peter, and PARC 56 149 McColough, Peter, and reorganization of Xerox 26 — 29 34 McColough, Peter, and Scientific Data Systems 30 — 31 117 121 125 181 184 McColough, Peter, and Wilson’s death 129 — 130 McColough, Peter, and Xerox World Conference 181 197 201 203 206 208 209 McColough, Peter, background of 24 — 31 McColough, Peter, goals of 23 — 24. 31 46 48 53 55 150 McColough, Peter, Goldman and 53 — 34 40 42 45 153 216 McColough, Peter, hiring program of 193 McColough, Peter, Kearns and 191 220 McColough, Peter, management errors of 203 McColough, Peter, McCarddl and 133 134 135 McColough, Peter, political activities of 131 — 132 McColough, Peter, retirement of 257 — 258 McColough, Peter, social policies of 130 — 131 McColough, Peter, speech to New York Society of Security Analysts of 48 — 50 McColough, Peter, Taylor’s goals and 246 — 247 McCreight, Ed 93 147 243 245 258 McKee, Donald 127 McNamara, Robert 133 Memex 106 — 107 Memorywriter 240 Metcalfe, Robert 97 113 241 Miller, Eddie 219 220 223 Minicomputers 47 MitchcU, Jim 73 75 80 168 238 244 246 253 258 Model A Copier 25 37 177 Modex 110 — 111 Moore, Gordon 83 Mott, Tim 105 — 106 212 213 241 258 Mott, Tim, and Advanced Systems Division 211 Mott, Tim, and Ginn and Company project 110 — 112 Mott, Tim, and Gypsy word processing program 112 Mott, Tim, background of 105 — 106 Mott, Tim, on development of Star 232 Mott, Tim, on preparations for «Futures Day» 207 Mott, Tim, on Xerox’s relationship with PARC 149 MTST see Magnetic Tape Selectric Typewriter National Aeronautics and Space Administration 57 107 National Office Machine Dealers Association 184 — 185 New York Society of Security Analysts 48 — 50 Newton, Darwin 105 — 106 109 149 Norris, William 122 Noyce, Robert 88 Odyssey 126 Office information systems task force 230 — 231 Office Products Division 227 — 229 Office Systems Division 161 — 163 206 Ornstein, Severe 243 244 246 O’Neill, Jim 159 161 162 167 221 258 O’Neill, Jim, and Alio 173 210 O’Neill, Jim, and competition in copier industry 183 197 O’Neill, Jim, and conflict with Goldman 158 — 159 160 215- 248 O’Neill, Jim, and PARC’s commercial opportunities 154 — 155 156 165 169 O’Neill, Jim, and Systems Development Division 229 — 230
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