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Edward M. Purcell — Electricity and magnetism
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Íàçâàíèå: Electricity and magnetismÀâòîð: Edward M. Purcell Àííîòàöèÿ: The subject of this volume of the Berkeley Physics Course is electricity and magnetism. The sequence of topics, in rough outline, is not unusual: electrostatics; steady currents; magnetic field; electromagnetic induction; electric and magnetic polarization in matter. However, our approach is different from the traditional one. The difference is most conspicuous in Chaps. 5 and 6 where, building on the work of Vol. I, we treat the electric and magnetic fields of moving charges as manifestations of relativity and the invariance of electric charge. This approach focuses attention on some fundamental questions, such as: charge conservation, charge invariance, the meaning of field. The only formal apparatus of special relativity that is really necessary is the Lorentz transformation of coordinates and the velocity-addition formula. It is essential, though, that the student bring to this part of the course some of the ideas and attitudes Vol. I sought to develop— among them a readiness to look at things from different frames of reference, an appreciation of invariance, and a respect for symmetry arguments. We make much use also, in Vol. II, of arguments based on superposition.
ßçûê: Ðóáðèêà: Ôèçèêà /Ñòàòóñ ïðåäìåòíîãî óêàçàòåëÿ: Ãîòîâ óêàçàòåëü ñ íîìåðàìè ñòðàíèö ed2k: ed2k stats Èçäàíèå: 2 editionÃîä èçäàíèÿ: 1984Êîëè÷åñòâî ñòðàíèö: 484Äîáàâëåíà â êàòàëîã: 16.10.2010Îïåðàöèè: Ïîëîæèòü íà ïîëêó |
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Force(s), on moving charged particle 189—192 195 199 208 Force(s), with finite range 66 Frankel, R.B. 445 Franklin, Benjamin 10 391 404n Free and bound charge 380 Free and bound charge, arbitrariness of the distinction 389 Free currents 431—432 Galvani, Luigi 154 170 Galvanic currents 170 Gauss (unit of magnetic field strength) 210 Gauss, C.F. 214 Gauss’s law 22—25 66 Gauss’s law, and fields in a dielectric 379—380 Gauss’s law, applications of 65 179—180 187 195 198 370 459 Gauss’s theorem 58 Germanium 147 Germanium, crystal structure of 144 Germanium, resistivity of 133 139 Gilbert, William 170 Goldhaber, A.S. 11n Gradient 46 Graphite, anisotropic conductivity of 128 Graphite, diamagnetism of 418 Gravitation 3 34 Prob.3.2 Gravitational field and Gauss’s law 25 Gray, Stephen 88 gyromagnetic ratio 414n H, and B, and M inside magnetized cylinder 438 H, magnetic field 432—437 H, relation to free current 434 Hadron 6 Hall effect 241 244 Prob.6.35 Hall, E.H. 245 Harmonic functions 64 112 harmonic oscillator 298 HCl (hydrogen chloride) molecule, dipole moment of 363 365 Helical coil, magnetic field of 231 Helium atom, neutrality of 176 Helix, handedness of 210 Henry (unit of inductance) 278 Henry, Joseph 278 Hertz (unit of frequency) 304 Hertz, Heinrich 170 241 304 Hill, H. 10n hole 145 Hughes, V.W. 5n Hydrogen atom, charge distribution in 361 Hydrogen atom, polarizability of 362 Hydrogen chloride molecule, dipole moment of 363 365 Hydrogen ions 134 hydrogen molecule 175 Hydrogen negative ion Prob.6.23 Hysteresis, magnetic 442 Ice, dielectric constant of 387 Image charge 99 Impedance 313—315 317 Index of refraction 391 Inductance, mutual 276 Inductance, mutual, reciprocity theorem for 279—281 Inductance, self- 281—282 Inductance, self-, circuit containing 282—284 Induction, electromagnetic 256—273 Induction, Faraday’s law of 272—273 Inductive reactance 305 Insulators, electrical 88—89 Internal resistance of electrolytic cell 156 Interstellar magnetic field Prob.7.23 Invariance of charge 176—178 Invariance of charge, distinguished from charge conservation 178 Invariance of charge, evidence for 176 Ionic crystal, energy of 14 Ions 133—142 Ions in air 134 Ions in gases 134 Ions in water 133 134 139 Iron, B-H curve for 442 Joule (SI unit of energy) 44 Junction, silicon diode Prob.4.13 King, J.G. 5 Laplace’s equation 64—65 94—96 Laplacian operator 63—64 Lead, conductivity of 139 141 Lead, superconductivity of 141 Lead-sulfuric acid cell 155—157 Lenz’s law 267 275 278 Leyden jar 391 Light, velocity of, definition of 473 Line charge density 26 Line integral, of electric field 42—44 Line integral, of magnetic field 215—218 Linear physical system 109 Lodestone (magnetite) 170 400 401 437 Long straight wire, magnetic field of 209 Loop of a network 151 Lorentz contraction 195 454 Lorentz invariants 457—458 Lorentz transformation, applications of 182 183 191—192 195 196 Lorentz transformation, of electric and magnetic field components 238—240 Lorentz transformation, of force components 457 Lorentz transformation, of momentum and energy 456 Lorentz transformation, of space-time coordinates 454 Lorentz, H.A. 2 170 LR circuits 282—284 LR circuits, time constant of 284 M, and B, and H inside magnetized cylinder 438 M, magnetization 422 Macroscopic description of matter 351 Macroscopic electric field in matter 370 371 Magnetic charge, absence of 404 Magnetic dipole moment, associated with electron spin 419 Magnetic dipole moment, of current loop 407—408 Magnetic dipole moment, of electron orbit 413—414 Magnetic dipole, field of 409 Magnetic dipole, field of, compared with electric dipole field 410 Magnetic dipole, force on 411—412 Magnetic dipole, torque on 419 Magnetic dipole, vector potential of 407 408 Magnetic domains 440 Magnetic field 173 208 see Magnetic field B 173 208 438 Magnetic field of current loop 405 Magnetic field of current ring 227 Magnetic field of current sheet 221—223 Magnetic field of cylindrical coil 227—231 Prob.6.17 Magnetic field of helical coil 231 Magnetic field of long straight wire 209 Magnetic field, energy stored in 285—286 Magnetic field, interstellar Prob.7.23 Magnetic field, line integral of 215—218 Magnetic flux 263—265 Magnetic forces 171—173 Magnetic monopole 404 Magnetic permeability 437 Magnetic polarizability of electron orbit 417 Magnetic pressure 234 magnetic susceptibility 422 435 Magnetite (lodestone) 170 400 401 437 Magnetogyric ratio 414n Magnetohydrodynamics 235 Magnetomechanical ratio, orbital 414 Maxwell, James Clerk 2 10 102 103 170 242 330 Maxwell’s equations 330—331 Mermin, N. David 171n Methane, structure and polarizability of 363 Methanol molecule, dipole moment of 365 Method of images 102 Microscopic description contrasted with macroscopic description of matter 351 Microscopic electric field in matter 370 Moments of charge distribution 352—355 Momentum see "Angular momentum" Moving charge, force on 189—192 195 199 208 Moving charge, interaction with other moving charges 192—199 Moving charge, measurement of 174—175 Muon, trajectory in magnetized iron Prob.11.17 Mutual inductance 276 Mutual inductance, reciprocity theorem for 279—281 N-type semiconductor 147—148 Network, alternating-current 310—313 network, bridge 152 Prob.4.27 Network, direct-current 151 Network, ladder Prob.4.32 Neutron 3 Newton (SI unit of force) 8 Newton Isaac 26 Nickel sulfate, paramagnetism of 401 Nickel, Curie point of 439 Nieto, M.M. 11n Niobium 465 467 Nitric oxide, paramagnetism of 420 Nitrogen negative molecular ion 134 Node of a network 151 North pole, definition of 210 404 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 470 Nucleus, atomic 4 Octupole moment 355 Oersted (unit of field H) 433 Oersted, Hans Christian 170 193 Oersted’s experiment Prob.6.9 Ohm (SI unit of resistance) 132 Ohmmeter Prob.4.19 Ohm’s Law 128—129 137 Ohm’s law, breakdown of 141 Ohm’s law, deviations from, in metals 144 Onnes, H. Kamerlingh 465 Orbital magnetic moment 413—414 Oscillator, harmonic 298 Oxygen negative molecular ion 134 Oxygen, paramagnetism of 399—400 420 P-type semiconductor 147—148 Page, Leigh 171n Pair creation 4 Parallel currents, force between 211—212 Parallel RLC circuit 315 Parallel-plate capacitor 105 Parallel-plate capacitor, filled with dielectric 348 371—373 Paramagnetic substances 400 Paramagnetism 413 420 Partial derivative, definition of 46n Permanent magnet, field of 429 Permeability, magnetic, 437 pH value of hydrogen ion concentration 134n Phase angle in alternating-current circuit 310 313 Phosphorus, doping of silicon with 147—148 Photon 4 Picofarad (unit of capacitance) 106 Pion 33 Planck, Max 2 Planck’s constant h 419 Point charge 20—21 Point charge, accelerated, radiation by 459—462 Point charge, moving with constant velocity 181—185 Point charge, near conducting disk 100 Point charge, starting or stopping 185—189 Poisson’s equation 64 66 Polar molecules, dipole moments of 365 Polarizability, magnetic, of electron orbit 417 Polarizability, of various atoms 362—363 Polarization density P 366 377 381 383 Polarization, frequency dependence of 386 Polarized matter 365—370 Polarized sphere, electric field of 374—377 Positron 3 Potential coefficients 109 Potential energy, electrical 13—15 Potential energy, of a system of charges 32 46 Potential, electric, 44—56 64—67 Potential, electric, derivation of field from 48 Potential, electric, of charged disk 51 Potential, electric, of charged wire 50 Potential, electric, of electric dipole 356—358 Potential, electric, of two point charges 49 Potential, vector 220—223 Potential, vector, of current loop 407 Power, in alternating-current circuit 315—317 Power, radiated by accelerated charge 461 Precession of magnetic top 469—470 Priestly, Joseph 10 Proton 3 4 Proton, and electron charge equality 5 Proton, decay of 6 Proton, magnetic moment of 470 Q of resonant circuit 300 Quadrupole moment 355 Quantization of charge 5—6 177 Quantum electrodynamics 2 Quark 6 33 Radiation by accelerated charge 459—463 Random fluctuations of current 139 Range of electromagnetic force 10 RC circuit 159 RC circuit, time constant of 160 Reactance, inductive 305 Reciprocity theorem for mutual inductance 279—281 Recombination of ions 135 Refractive index 391 Relaxation method 112 Prob.3.30 Relaxation of field in conductor 160 Relaxation time 161 Remanence, magnetic 442 Resistance, electrical 129—131 Resistances in parallel and in series 151 resistivity 132 Resistivity for various materials 133 139—141 resistor 150 151 153 Resonant circuit 298—303 Resonant circuit, damping of 300 302 Resonant circuit, damping of, critical 302—303 Resonant circuit, energy transfer in 301 resonant frequency 308 RLC circuit, parallel 315 RLC circuit, series 298 309 Rowland, Henry 193 241 242 245 Rowland’s experiment 242 Samarium-cobalt permanent magnet Prob.11.16 saturation magnetization 438 Scalar product of two vectors 12 Seawater, resistivity of 134 140 Second (CGS unit of resistivity) 132 Self-energy of elementary particles 33 Self-inductance 281—282 Self-inductance, circuit containing 282—284 Semiconductors 89 139—148 semiconductors, N-type 147—148 semiconductors, P-type 147—148 Series RLC circuit 298 309 Sheets of charge, moving, field of 180 Shielding, electrical 96 Silicon 139 147—148 Silicon, band gap in 145 Silicon, crystal structure of 144 Sodium and chlorine ions in water 134 139 Sodium chloride crystal, diamagnetism of 400—401 Sodium chloride crystal, electrical potential energy of 14—15 Sodium chloride crystal, free and bound charge in 388 Sodium metal, conductivity of 142—143 Solenoid (coil), magnetic field of 227—231 Prob.6.17 Spherical conductors, concentric 97 Spin of electron 418—421 Standing wave, electromagnetic 336—337 Stationary charges, field of 180
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