We present in a manifestly gauge-invariant form the theory of classical linear gravitational perturbations in part I, and a quantum theory of
cosmological perturbations in part II. Part I includes applications to several important examples arising in cosmology: a universe dominated by
hydrodynamical matter, a universe filled with scalar-field matter, and higher-derivative theories of gravity. The growth rates of perturbations are
calculated analytically in most interesting cases. The analysis is applied to study the evolution of fluctuations in inflationary universe models. Part II
includes a unified description of the quantum generation and evolution of inhomogeneities about a classical Friedmann background. The method is
based on standard canonical quantization of the action for cosmological perturbations which has been reduced to an expression in terms of a single
gauge-invariant variable. The spectrum of density perturbations originating in quantum fluctuations is calculated in universes with hydrodynamical
matter, in inflationary universe models with scalar-field matter, and in higher-derivative theories of gravity.