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Truesdell C.A. — The Tragicomical History of Thermodynamics, 1822-1854

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Название: The Tragicomical History of Thermodynamics, 1822-1854

Автор: Truesdell C.A.

Аннотация:

Thermodynamics is the kingdom also of running current history as well as polemics, not to mention verbosity. In no other discipline have the same equations been published over and over again so many times by different authors in different ill-defined notations and therefore claimed as his own by each; in no other has a single author seen fit to publish essentially the same ideas over and over again within a period of twenty years; and nowhere else is the ratio of talk and excuse to reason and result so high. In no other part of mathematical physics have so many claims and counterclaims of priority been issued by the leading creators of the subject, and in no other have these same men turned aside from research to write historical papers or long his-torifal notes within a decade or two of their first attacks on the theory itself. Small wonder then that histories and historical papers by secondary authors and historians abound, yet the field seems ever fresh to the newcomer.

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Рубрика: Физика/

Статус предметного указателя: Готов указатель с номерами страниц

ed2k: ed2k stats

Год издания: 1980

Количество страниц: 372

Добавлена в каталог: 26.06.2010

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Предметный указатель

"Maxwell relations      42 114 283 286
"MAYER'S assertion"      157 160
Absolute temperatures      see "Temperatures absolute"
Absurdities      100 140 141 297 334
Adiabatic process, definition      33
Adiabatic process, in CARNOT'S theory      123
Adiabatic process, LAPLACE - POISSON law for ideal gases, derivations      38 39 42-46
Adiabatic process, LAPLACE - POISSON law for ideal gases, disregarded by CARNOT      132 133
Adiabatic process, LAPLACE - POISSON law for ideal gases, incorporated by CLAUSIUS      194 198
Adiabats      41 87 264 278 280-282
Air thermometer      see "temperature air-thermometer"
Amontons, Guillaume (1663-1705)      10 48 62 183 196 202 342
Ampere, Andr $\acute{E}$ - Marie (1775-1836)      20 108 115 198 206 207 210 299 329
Anomalous behavior of water      13 57 58 267-270
Avogadro, Amedeo (1776-1856)      12 322
B $\acute{E}$ Rard, Jacques $\acute{E}$ Tienne (1789-1869)      121 126 127 129 133 134 271 272 274 275 276
Bernoulli, Daniel (1700-1782)      11 47 96 135 152
Bernoulli, Jakob (1654-1705)      [?]96
Bernoullis, Family And School      55 63 217
Bharatha, Subramanyam (1945-)      Vii 5 13 42 46 58 87 105 108 112 116 122 151 191 196 200 228 232 239 249 270 271 282 292 293 296 297 298 303 327 360
Biot, Jean - Baptiste (1774-1862)      10 29-33 37 44 48-51 60 62 63 87 341-343
Black, Joseph (1728-1799)      16 17 342
Bourbaki, N.      [For J. D. (1906-) And A. W. (1906-)]
Bowditch, Nathaniel (1773-1838)      41 342
Boyle, Robert (1627-1691)      11 13 14 177 183 196
Brandes, Heinrich Wilhelm (1777-1834)      11 29 342
Bridgman, Percy Williams (1882-1961)      8 82 100 152 226 338 359
Brown, Sanborn Conner (1913-)      57 103 153 156
BURKHARDT, HEINRICH FrIEDRICH KARL (1861-1914)      77
Callendar, Hugh Longbourne (1863-1930)      129 130
Caloric      see "caloric theory of heat" "heat and
Caloric equation of state      see "potentials thermodynamic"
Caloric theory of heat      (see also "heat functions")
Caloric theory of heat, as adopted by CARNOT      84 85 103
Caloric theory of heat, as adopted by CARNOT, essential to his conclusions regarding finite differences of temperature      107 112
Caloric theory of heat, as adopted by CARNOT, inessential to his conclusions regarding infinitesimal differences of temperature      107
Caloric theory of heat, as adopted by CARNOT, inessential to many of his other conclusions      107 113 130
Caloric theory of heat, as adopted by CARNOT, inessential to the general CARNOT - CLAPEYRON Theorem      111 121 181
Caloric theory of heat, as adopted by FOURIER      59 60 68
Caloric theory of heat, as adopted by LAPLACE      34 35
Caloric theory of heat, as adopted by LAPLACE, inessential to his theory of adiabatic change      46
Caloric theory of heat, as adopted by LAPLACE, inessential to his theory of sound      44
Caloric theory of heat, broad sense      34 153
Caloric theory of heat, forbids ideal gas to have constant specific heats      41 132
Caloric theory of heat, inessential to CARNOT'S general axiom      185
Caloric theory of heat, inessential to some of HOLTZMANN'S conclusions      181-184
Caloric theory of heat, inessential to the HELMHOLTZ- JOULE determination      181
Caloric theory of heat, required by CARNOT'S special axiom      104 105
Calorimetric      19
Calorimetry, theory of      19
Caratheodory, Constantin (1873-1950)      Vii
Carlson, Donald Earle (1938-)      146
CARNOT - CLAPEYRON theorem, general      111
CARNOT - CLAPEYRON theorem, special      111 112
CARNOT'S, approach and assumptions      78-85
CARNOT'S, cycle      86-88
CARNOT'S, function $\mu$       106 108 170 249
CARNOT'S, function F      102 103 112
CARNOT'S, general axiom      101
CARNOT'S, heat function $H_{C}$       85
CARNOT'S, main theorem      110
CARNOT'S, special axiom      102 103
Carnot, Lazare - Hippolyte (1801-1888)      80
Carnot, Lazare - Nicolas- Margu $\acute{E}$ Ute (1753-1823)      135
Carnot, Nicholas - Leonard - Sadi (1796-1832)      Vii 4 5 8 10 11 15 16 18-22 25 42 60 79-143 147 149-151 153-155 158-160 162 164 168- 191 194-206 210 213 215 218- 220 224-229 231-239 241 242 245 248 249 253 269 270 272- 287 288 291-293 297 298 300 303 306 308-312 318 321 322 324-331 333-335 339 344
Cauchy, Augustin - Louis (1789-1857)      15 20 67 69 77 109 134 13 5 217 238
Chladni, Ernst Florens Friedrich (1756-1827)      342
Cl $\acute{E}$ Ment, Nicholas (1778/9-1841)      36
Clairaut, Alexis Claude (1713-1765)      200
Clapeyron, Benoit - Pierre- $\acute{E}$ Mile (1799-1864)      20 26 60 80 107 110-116 120 121 124 127 129 134 136 139-142 151 152 155 158 160 162 168 169 171 173 175 177 181 182 184 187-189 195 197- 201 203 206 213 215 227- 229 234-238 242 245 269 270 277-279 292 308 311 318 321 326-331 333 346
Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emmanuel (1822-1888)      Vii 5 10 11 16 17 20 34 81 104 105 107 112 121 122 127 143 151 156 158-162 171 182 185 187-207 210 213- 219 223-228 230 233-237 241 242 244 245 248 249 258 260 264-266 273-275 277-280 282 284 285 287 292 293 295-300 303 310-320 324 329-335 337 338 349 352 354-357
Compression, sudden      see "adiabatic process "
Conduction of heat      (see also "conductivity")
Conduction of heat, BIOT'S theory      48-51
Conduction of heat, DUHAMEL'S theory      143-147
Conduction of heat, excluded by CARNOT      82 87 91
Conduction of heat, excluded by classical thermodynamics      338
Conduction of heat, excluded by CLAUSIUS      319
Conduction of heat, FOURIER'S theory      51-53 60-75
Conduction of heat, LAMBERT'S theory      47-49
Conduction of heat, mentioned by KELVIN      305
Conduction of heat, refers essentially to time      22
Conductivity, thermal      (see also "NEWTON'S law of cooling")
Conductivity, thermal, specific      60 67
Conductivity, thermal, superficial      60
Conservation of energy      see " Energy conservation
Constitutive, constant of an ideal gas      12
Constitutive, functions      19
Constitutive, inequalities      12 16 18 19 23 24 173 267-270
Constitutive, relations      19 67 71 76-78 82 338 339
Constitutive, restrictions imposed by thermodynamics, CARNOT - CLAPEYRON theorems      111-113
Constitutive, restrictions imposed by thermodynamics, CARNOT'S great discovery      134 135
Constitutive, restrictions imposed by thermodynamics, CLAUSIUS      192 199 203 317 318 329
Constitutive, restrictions imposed by thermodynamics, of caloric theory      42 114
Constitutive, restrictions imposed by thermodynamics, RANKINE'S      213 215 216
Constitutive, restrictions imposed by thermodynamics, REECH'S      282 284-286
Continuum mechanics      67 69 70 73 77
Convection      72
Crawford, Adair (1749-1795)      22
CYCLE      86(see also "CARNOT'S cycle")
d'Alembert, Jean le Rond (1717-1783)      77
Dalton, John (1766-1844)      9-11 96 177 342
Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)      1 6 9 29 47 79 139 149 187 219 277 305 337 339
Darboux, Jean - Gaston (1842-1917)      52 58 60 64 66 67 69
Daub, Edward      Vii
Davini, Cesare (1943-)      Vii
Davy, Humphry (1778-1829)      34
Delaroche, Fran $\K{C}$ Ois (1775-1813)      121 126 127 129 133 134 271 272 274-276
Deltas of thermodynamics      3 4 22 199 206
Desormes, Charles - Bernard (1777-1862)      36
Despretz, C $\acute{E}$ Sar Mansuete (1792-1863)      52
Devil, the      68
Diagrams      20 86 140 264
Differentials      3 7 8 21 22 26 27 140 206 207 210
Dimensions, applied to CARNOT'S theory      118 119
Dimensions, FOURIER'S theory of      65 66
Dissipation      see "irreversible processes"
Doctrine of latent and specific heats      16 19 theory
Duhamel, Jean - Marie - Constant (1797-1872)      25 67 68 143-147 168 346
Duhem, Pierre - Maurice - Marie (1861-1916)      338
Dulong, Pierre Louis (1785-1838)      142 175 193 194
Dupre, Athanase (1808-1869)      298
Dynamical theory of heat      see "interconvertibility of heat and work uniform
Efficiency      (see also " CARNOT'S general axiom")
Efficiency, formal definition by RANKINE      264
Efficiency, KELVIN'S evaluation for a CARNOT cycle      230-232
Efficiency, maximum achieved by CARNOT cycles      90-95 116 117 171 172 302
Efficiency, preliminary definition      103
Efficiency, RANKINE'S evaluation for a CARNOT cycle      221-224
Efficiency, universal      95-99
Empirical temperatures      see "temperatures empirical"
Energy      (see also "pro-energy" "first "interconvertibility
Energy, balance of      71 246
Energy, conservation of      143 163 259
Energy, in CLAUSIUS' theory      333 334
Energy, in RANKINE'S theory      210 211 214 220-223 264 265
Energy, in REECH'S theory      334
Energy, internal, in CLAUSIUS'S theory      153 189 192 199 200
Energy, internal, in KELVIN'S theory      227 233
Energy, internal, in RANKINE'S theory      213
Energy, internal, in thermomechanics      71
Energy, internal, possibly total heat      15
Energy, kinetic      71 109 a
Energy, potential      259
Energy, science of      164
Energy, total      15 152 161
Engine      79 150 151 164 168 310
Enthalpy      246 247 266 287
entropy      (see also "heat function" and "pro-entropy")
EQUIVALENCE      see "interconvertibility of heat and work "

Equivalent      see "mechanical equivalent of a unit of heat"
Euler, Leonhard (1707-1783)      11 12 14 15 19 29 47 50-52 55 63 69 70 72 73 96 114 135 135 152 205 208 217 281 342
Expansion, latent heat of      see "latent heat with respect to volume"
Experiment      see in the index of persons "BOYLE" "AMONTONS" "LAVOISIER" "RUMFORD" "DALTON" "GAY-LUSSAC" "DELAROCHE" "DULONG" "WELTER" "JOULE" "REGNAULT" "MAGNUS"
First law of thermodynamics      (see also "interconvertibility of heat and work" "energy" "mechanical and
First law of thermodynamics, CLAUSIUS      105 192 193 199 200 249 311 312 332
First law of thermodynamics, KELVIN'S      227 245
First law of thermodynamics, not known to CLAPEYRON      139
First law of thermodynamics, not known to MAYER, HELMHOLTZ, JOULE or anyone else before      1850 184 185
First law of thermodynamics, not known to RUMFORD      156
First law of thermodynamics, RANKINE'S      213 257 259
First law of thermodynamics, REECH'S generalization      287
Fluid      12
force      see "heat a
Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph (1768-1830)      Vii 9 16 25 27 32 48 49 51-78 79 82 87 119 135-137 143-147 153 174 338 343 346
Fox, Robert      16 17 22 26 31 33 34 40 41 198 271-273
Free energy      287
Free enthalpy      287
Freeman, Alexander (1838-1897)      52 60 343
Freudenthal, Hans (1905-)      20
Furnace      87
Gas      11 14 278 "vapors")
Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777-1855)      20
Gay - Lussac, Joseph Louis (1778-)      1850 9-11 32 35-37 45 96 126 132 177 190 193 341
Generosity, retrospective      68 267
Gibbs relation      282 299
Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1839-1903)      Vii 90 161 179 185 264 265 282 287 299 300 358
Grattan-Guinness, Ivor      52
Green, George (1793-1841)      147
Hadamard, Jacques - Salomon (1865-1963)      338
Heat      (see also "heating" "latent "specific "caloric "heat "conduction "interconvertibility "energy" "pro-energy" "first
Heat functions      (see also "caloric theory of heat")
Heat functions, CARNOT'S $H_{C}$       85 123 159
Heat functions, CLAPEYRON'S $H_{CI}$       141
Heat functions, LAPLACE'S $H_{L}$       35 159
Heat, a kind of force      153-155 162 178
Heat, a manifestation of intestine motion      152 153 188 207 208 210
Heat, absorbed by a body      25 83
Heat, added to a body      15 20
Heat, emitted by a body      25 83
Heat, flux of      61 62 66 67 69 76
Heat, total      15 152 153 178 192
Heating       15 246
HELMHOLTZ - JOULE determination of $\mu$ , accepted by Clausius      195-198 201
HELMHOLTZ - JOULE determination of $\mu$ , considered by CARNOT      128
HELMHOLTZ - JOULE determination of $\mu$ , derived by RANKINE      213
HELMHOLTZ - JOULE determination of $\mu$ , equivalent to Holtzmann's assertion      181 297
HELMHOLTZ - JOULE determination of $\mu$ , from dimensional invariance of CARNOT'S Theory      119
HELMHOLTZ - JOULE determination of $\mu$ , inferred from HOLTZMANN'S theory by HELMHOLTZ      162
HELMHOLTZ - JOULE determination of $\mu$ , priority of JOULE contested by CLAUSIUS      231 232
HELMHOLTZ - JOULE determination of $\mu$ , rejected by Kelvin      174 176-178 231-233
HELMHOLTZ-JOULE determination of $\mu$ , inferred from HOLTZMANN'S assertion by JOULE      176 180 181
Herakleitos Of Ephesos (Fl. C 500 A.C.)      80
Herapath, John (1790-1868)      45 344
History of science      4 5 32 46 117 295
HOLTZMANN'S assertion      (see also "MAYER'S assertion")
HOLTZMANN'S assertion, adopted by JOULE      167
HOLTZMANN'S assertion, called "MAYER'S hypothesis" by KELVIN      161
HOLTZMANN'S assertion, derived by RANKINE      212 215
HOLTZMANN'S assertion, equivalent to MAYER'S      159-161
HOLTZMANN'S assertion, logical status and generalization      181-183
HOLTZMANN'S assertion, statement      158-160
HOLTZMANN'S assertion, support for it implied by HELMHOLTZ'S table      162
Holtzmann, Carl Heinrich Alexander (1811-1865)      158-162 167 177 181-185 188 190 193-198 200 201 202- 212 213 215 232 234 241 242 244 248 249 268 269 273 297 320 326 332 347
Hope, Thomas Charles (1766-1844)      57
HOPPE'S theorem on ideal gases      202 275
Hoppe, Edmund (1854-1928)      52
Hoppe, Ernst Reinhold Eduard (1816-1900)      202 248 249 275 355
Hoyer, Ulrich      156
Hugoniot, Pierre Henri (1851-1887)      14
Hutchison, Keith      108
Huygens, Christiaan (1629-1695)      55 69 70 217
Ideal gas      9-12 96 ideal-gas")
Imhotep (Fl. A.C. 2980-2950)      68
Inequalities      see "constitutive inequalities"
Ingen - Housz, Jan (1730-1799)      52
Interconvertibility of heat and work      (see also "energy" "proenergy" and
Interconvertibility of heat and work, in cyclic processes, conceptual analysis of      149-151
Interconvertibility of heat and work, in cyclic processes, universal but not uniform      115 116 150
Interconvertibility of heat and work, universal and uniform, according to JOULE      163-167 185
Interconvertibility of heat and work, universal and uniform, according to MAYER      154-157 184 185 267
Interconvertibility of heat and work, universal and uniform, in all circumstances      153 178 184
Interconvertibility of heat and work, universal and uniform, in cyclic processes      189 190 209
Interconvertibility of heat and work, universal and uniform, in general processes      see " energy internal"
Interconvertibility of heat and work, universal and uniform, in isothermal processes      154 158-160 176 178
Interconvertibility of heat and work, unknown to RUMFORD      156
Intestine motion      see "heat"
Invertibility, thoughtless, principle of      283
Irreversible processes      47-78 91 94 164 167 244 246 305 306 318 319 334 335 338
Isothermal      15
Ivory, James (1765-1842)      38 39 345
James, Richard (1952-)      Vii 92
Jochmann, Emil Carl Gustav Georg (1833-1871)      356
John The Grammarian (Labor- Loving) (Fl. $6^{Th}$ C.)      68
Jones, Tom (Fl. C 1749)      26
JOULE - THOMSON effect      242-244 249-256
Joule's equivalent      see "mechanical equivalent of a unit of heat"
Joule, James Prescott (1818-1889)      34 156 162 164-167 174-181 184 185 188 189 195 196 201 203 208 209 213 222 224-227 231-233 235 242-245 249-256 267 272-277 297 309 327 348 350 351 353 354
Kelland, Philip (1808-1879)      26 27 346
Kelvin, Lord (William Thomson) (1824-1907)      Vii 8 11 16-21 23 34 58 86 89 107 108 111 112 114 122 124 125 136 147 155 156 159-161 168-178 180 181 184 185 187 188 192 196 199 200 202-205 207-209 219 220 222 224-236 241-256 257 258 263 266 267- 272-274 276-278 285 288 292 295 296 305-310 311 312 320-324 326-335 349-354 356 358
Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert (1824-1887)      217 338
Klein, Christian Felix (1849-1925)      161
Klein, Martin Jesse (1924-)      264 265
Krafft, Jens (1720-1765)      48
Lagrange, Joseph Louis (1736-1813)      12 14 30 55 72 77 140 342
Lamb, Horace (1849-1934)      14
Lambert, Johann Heinrich (1728-1777)      47-49 51 52 62 87 341 342
Lame, Gabriel (1795-1870)      143
LAPLACE - POISSON law      see " adiabatic process LAPLACE
Laplace, Pierre Simon de (1749-1827)      11 12 14 16-18 21 26 29-46 50-52 55 58 63 68 75 77 81-85 87 109 114 122 125 126 131-133 135 136 140-142 145 159 196- 198 201 202 204 212 235 247 248 272 273 275 341-344
Latent heat      (see also "calorimetry theory
Latent heat, of fusion or vaporisation      17
Latent heat, with respect to pressure $\Lambda{p}$       22-24
Latent heat, with respect to volume $\Lambda_{V}$       16-19
Lavoisier, Antoine - Laurent (1743-1794)      18 21 58 82 341
Laws of thermodynamics      see "first law" and "second laws"
Legendre, Adrien - Marie (1752-1833)      55
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646-1716)      55
Leslie, John (1766-1832)      52
Line integrals      20 24
Linearity, confusion it leads to      77 78 143-147
Lippmann, Gabriel Jonas (1845-1921)      129 135 136
Lipschitz, Rudolf Otto Sigismund (1832-1903)      161
Lucretius Caro, Titus (A.C., 96-55)      152
Mach, Ernst (1838-1916)      47 156 322 324 359
Magie, William Francis (1858-1943)      187 349
Magnus, Heinrich Gustav (1802-1870)      11
Man, Chi - Sing (1947-)      Vii 10 11 41 167 177 179-181 249-256
Mariotte, Edm $\acute{E}$ (1620-1684)      36 96 177 190
Massieu, Fran $\K{C}$ Ois Jacques Dominique (1832-1896)      287 299 300 358
material      20
Materiality of heat      see "caloric theory of heat"
Mathematics      (see also "differentials")
Mathematics, applied      339
Mathematics, CARNOT'S      80 101 117 124 134 136 168
Mathematics, CLAPEYRON'S      140
Mathematics, CLAUSIUS      205-207 218 311
Mathematics, FOURIER'S      55 66 77
Mathematics, KELVIN'S      168 227 231
Mathematics, LAPLACE'S      46
Mathematics, RANKINE'S      210 211 216 217 265
Mathematics, REECH'S      297 299
Mathematics, special, for thermodynamics      8 26 27 206 217
Maxwell, James Clerk (1831-1879)      9 18 67 70 90 114 146 147 163 185 216 259 264-266 274 283 338 350 358 359
MAYER'S hypothesis"      see "HOLTZMANN'S assertion"
Mayer, Julius Robert (1814-1878)      34 122 154-161 163 164 174 180-185 188 189 193 196 198 201 202 204 209 212 224 234 236 242-244 246 248 249 267 269 273 274 277 346 348
Mechanical equivalent of a unit of heat, CARNOT'S calculation      80 81 119-122
Mechanical equivalent of a unit of heat, CLAUSIUS' calculation      204
Mechanical equivalent of a unit of heat, erroneous attribution to RUMFORD      156
Mechanical equivalent of a unit of heat, HOLTZMANN'S calculation      159 182

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