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Mouroulis P., MacDonald J. — Geometrical optics and optical design
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Íàçâàíèå: Geometrical optics and optical designÀâòîðû: Mouroulis P., MacDonald J. Àííîòàöèÿ: This book is an up to date, introductory treatment of geometrical optics, from the point of view of the future optics practitioner. The principles of gaussian optics and first-order layout and design are emphasized, based on the tracing of two paraxial rays and the associated optical invariant. The radiometry of lens systems is seen to rest on the same concepts. Third order aberration theory is developed in detail. Complete examples of third order design are provided, together with software tools that allow the reader to follow the examples in detail, or to develop other examples independently. Throughout the book, the understanding of fundamental principles is given preference over the mere following of recipes. Several problems at the end of each chapter allow the student to practice and extend the concepts taught. In addition to Gaussian optics and aberrations, the basic principles of several types of optical instruments and components are treated, including gradient index and diffractive optics. A complete yet simple treatment of gaussian beams is included, that is also based on two paraxial rays and the optical invariant. The book concludes with an outline of the optical design process and solved design problems.
ßçûê: Ðóáðèêà: Ôèçèêà /Ñòàòóñ ïðåäìåòíîãî óêàçàòåëÿ: Ãîòîâ óêàçàòåëü ñ íîìåðàìè ñòðàíèö ed2k: ed2k stats Ãîä èçäàíèÿ: 1996Êîëè÷åñòâî ñòðàíèö: 354Äîáàâëåíà â êàòàëîã: 01.06.2005Îïåðàöèè: Ïîëîæèòü íà ïîëêó |
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Ïðåäìåòíûé óêàçàòåëü
Abbe illumination 150 Abbe value 190 192 Aberration(s) 188—293 Aberration(s), and stop position 257—60 341—348 Aberration(s), angular 245 Aberration(s), balancing of 276 Aberration(s), calculation of primary 227—244 Aberration(s), central 246—255 Aberration(s), field 208 Aberration(s), longitudinal 218—220 Aberration(s), of plane parallel plate or prism 242—243 Aberration(s), of spherical mirror 243—244 Aberration(s), of thin lens 246—60 Aberration(s), point imaging 208 Aberration(s), polynomial 204—207 Aberration(s), pupil 282—283 Aberration(s), ray 199—203 Aberration(s), Seidel 227—244 Aberration(s), shape-dependent 250—253 Aberration(s), shape-independent 246—247 Aberration(s), third order 207—218 Aberration(s), tolerances 220—221 Aberration(s), total 272—276 Aberration(s), transverse ray 199—203 212—218 Aberration(s), types 207—212 Accommodation 152 155 Accommodation, resting state of 155 Achromatic doublet 194—195 272—275 327—331 Acuity, visual 155 Afocal system 77 Air, refractive index 6—7 Anamorphic factor 165 Anamorphic systems 165—168 Anastigmat (Cooke triplet) 260 267—268 Angle critical 10 Angle of incidence 8 318 320 Angle of reflection 8 Angle of refraction 8—9 318 320 Angular aberration 245 Angular magnification 138—139 Aperture 95. See also Lens size Aperture stop 95 Aperture, numerical 97 Aperture, relative 99 Aplanatic condition 235 Aplanatic meniscus 235 Aplanatic surface 235 Apochromatic lens 196 Aspheric surfaces 148—150 287—289 318—319 Aspheric surfaces, conic sections 318—19 Aspheric surfaces, in illumination systems 148—150 Astigmatism 209 216 220. Astigmatism, and field curvature 241—242 Astigmatism, spot diagram 217 Astigmatism, wavefront shape 210 Autocollimation 91 Back focal length 78—79 Beam expander, laser 141—142 247—248 309—311 Beam waist 301 303—314 Beam, Gaussian See Gaussian beams Bending, effect on aberrations 248—253 341 Best focus 214—216 322 Binary optics 183—185 Binoculars 139 163 Bravais points 89 Camera 5 79 97 163 238 Camera, obscura 5 Camera, pinhole 5 101 Camera, SLR 163 Canonical coordinates 203 285 Cardinal points 84 Cartesian oval 150 Cassegrain mirror 79 Chief ray 106 285 Chromatic aberration, calculation of 191 236 Chromatic aberration, longitudinal 191 236. Chromatic aberration, longitudinal, of a surface 236 Chromatic aberration, longitudinal, of a system 236 Chromatic aberration, longitudinal, of a thin lens 191 247 Chromatic aberration, longitudinal, tolerance 221 Chromatic aberration, transverse 191—204 236. Chromatic aberration, transverse, calculation of 193 236 Chromatic aberration, transverse, of a surface 236 Chromatic aberration, transverse, of a system 236 Chromatic aberration, transverse, of a thin lens 193 247 Chromatic aberration, transverse, tolerance 221 Chromatic resolving power 175 Coma 209 230 252. Coma, calculation of 230 Coma, spot diagram 215—16 Coma, wavefront shape 209 Condenser 128 145 148 255 Confocal parameter 302 Conicoid of revolution 287 318 Conjugate parameter 249 Constant deviation 20 Constringence 190 Contour projector 150 Conventions, sign 39 Cooke triplet 104 267—269 Cosine-fourth law 130—131 Critical angle 10 158 Crown glass 191 253—254 Curvature See also Astigmatism Curvature of field 210 241—242 Curvature, Petzval 231 Cylindrical lenses 165—167 Defocus longitudinal 208 214 216 322 Defocus longitudinal, transverse 207 215 324 Depth of field 100 Depth of focus 100—104 Diaphragm See Stop Diffraction 4 Diffraction efficiency 175 177 181 183 Diffraction grating 173—176 Diffraction, and Gaussian beams 300—303 Diffraction, Bragg 177 Diffraction, limited system 200 Diffraction, resolution limit due to 140 Diffractive optics 173—185 Dioptre 42 59 Direction cosine 169 222 318 Direction cosine, optical 294 dispersion 7 189 Dispersion, anomalous 188 Dispersion, partial 196 Dispersion, prism 189—190 Dispersive power 189 Displacement by a plate 21 159—160 Distortion 211. See also Aberrations Distortion, barrel 211 Distortion, calculation of 230 Distortion, fractional 221 240 Distortion, pincushion 211 240 Doublet, achromatic 194 Doublet, aplanatic 253 273 327 Doublet, apochromatic 198 Doublet, corrected 253 273 327 Dove prism 161—162 Eccentricity parameter 257 Effective focal length See Equivalent focal length Emittance, radiant or luminous 122 Empty magnification 144 Enlarger lens 147 Entrance pupil 95—97 106—107 284 Episcope 147 Equivalent focal length 27 47 75 Exit pupil 95—97 106—107 284 Exit pupil of Keplenan telescope 105 139 Exitance, radiant or luminous 122 eye 151—157 Eye relief 139 Eye, accommodation of 152 155 Eye, acuity of 155—156 Eye, anatomy of 151—152 Eye, contrast sensitivity of 156—157 Eye, emmetropic 34 155 Eye, geometrical parameters 152—153 Eye, model of 152—53 Eye, retinal illuminance 152—155 Eyepiece 139 Eyepiece, Huygens 195 Fermat's principle 10—13 Field curvature 210 221 239—240. Curvature Field curvature, sagittal 241 Field curvature, tangential 241 Field flattener 234 269 Field lens 139 234 Field stop 97 105 Figuring 288 Finite ray 199 317 First order design See Gaussian predesign Flint glass 191 198 253—254 273 Flux, luminous 119 Focal length of a general system 73—75 Focal length of a mirror 43 Focal length of a surface 42 Focal length of thick lens 82 Focal length of thin lens 46—47 Focal length, back 78 172 Focal length, effective See equivalent Focal length, equivalent 27 47 75 Focal length, front 79 Focal length, measurement of 60 83—85 91—92 Focus, depth of 100—104 Focus, shift of 322 Fraunhofer doublet 254 273—275 Fresnel lens 147 182 Fresnel zones 180—183 Galilean telescope 138 Gauss doublet 254 273—276 Gaussian beams 300—315 Gaussian beams, divergence 302 Gaussian beams, equations of 301—302 Gaussian beams, ray tracing 311—314 Gaussian constants 295 298 Gaussian predesign 52 88 115—118 264—266 Geometrical optics, basic postulates 15 Geometrical wavefront 4 200 Glass chart 192 Gradient index optics 168—173 Gradient index optics, ray tracing equations 171 Gradient index optics, refractive index profile 169—171 Grating, blazed 175 Grating, diffraction 173—175 Grating, holographic 176 Grating, ruled 173—74 Grating, sinusoidal 156—157 GRIN lens or rod 168 172 315 GRIN lens or rod, pitch of 172 Head up display 178 Holographic optical elements 176—183 Huygens eyepiece 195 Huygens principle 7 Hyperfocal distance 101 Hyperopia (hypermetropia) 34 Illuminance 122 Illuminance, from a large source 131—132 Illuminance, of an image 126 Illuminance, typical levels of 124 Illumination 128 130 Illumination systems 144 148 Illumination, bright field 144 Illumination, critical 150 Illumination, dark field 144—146 Illumination, Kohler 145 Image space 27 75 Image, congruent 158 Image, enantiomorphic 158 Image, orientation of reflected 158—159 Image, real 29 Image, virtual 29 Index of refraction 6 Index of refraction, air 6—7 Index of refraction, glass 192 Index of refraction, hyperbolic profile 171 Index of refraction, parabolic profile 169—171 Information capacity 141 Instrument myopia 155 Intensity, radiant or luminous 122 Inverse square law 13 Irradiance 122 Irradiance from a large source 131 Irradiance of an image 126 K-prism 161 Kinoform 182 Lagrange invariant See Optical invariant Lambertian source 122—125 Laser beam (Gaussian) See Gaussian beams Laser beam (Gaussian), beam expander 141—142 309—311 Laser diode 167 Lateral chromatic aberration See Chromatic aberration transverse Lateral color See Chromatic aberration transverse Least time, principle of See Fermat's principle Lens aperture 95 Lens, Fresnel 147 182 Lens, size of 108 Lens, thick 82 272 Lens, thin 27 44 246 306 Longitudinal aberration 218 Longitudinal chromatic aberration See Chromatic aberration longitudinal Longitudinal color See Chromatic aberration longitudinal Longitudinal magnification 57 77 Lumen 119 122 Luminance 122 Luminance of a distant source 132 Luminance of an serial image 127 Luminosity, visual 119 Magnification 50 Magnification parameter 248—249 Magnification, angular 138—139 Magnification, empty 144 Magnification, lateral See transverse Magnification, longitudinal 57 77 Magnification, pupil 103 Magnification, transverse 50 57 Magnification, useful 144 185 Magnification, visual 55 Magnifier 54—56 Magnifying power (microscope) 142 Malus and Dupin, theorem of 13 Mangin mirror 48 Matrix optics 294—299 Matrix, ABCD 295 Matrix, conjugate 296 Matrix, system 295 Maxwellian view 153 Meniscus 30—31 Meniscus, aplanatic 234—235 Merit function 280 Microscope, compound 142—146 Microscope, confocal 145—146 Microscope, illumination systems 144—146 Microscope, magnification of 143 Microscope, objective 143—144 Microscope, simple 54—56 142 Minimum deviation 23 Mirror, aberrations of spherical 243 Mirror, curved 31—33 Mirror, focal length of 43
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