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Beissinger J., Pless V. — The Cryptoclub: Using Mathematics to Make and Break Secret Codes
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Название: The Cryptoclub: Using Mathematics to Make and Break Secret CodesАвторы: Beissinger J., Pless V. Аннотация: oin the Cryptokids as they apply basic mathematics to make and break secret codes. This book has many hands-on activities that have been tested in both classrooms and informal settings. Classic coding methods are discussed, such as Caesar, substitution, Vigenère, and multiplicative ciphers as well as the modern RSA. Math topics covered include: - Addition and Subtraction with, negative numbers, decimals, and percentages - Factorization - Modular Arithmetic - Exponentiation - Prime Numbers - Frequency Analysis.
Язык: Рубрика: Математика /Статус предметного указателя: Готов указатель с номерами страниц ed2k: ed2k stats Год издания: 2006Количество страниц: 199Добавлена в каталог: 08.05.2008Операции: Положить на полку |
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24-hour clock 105 Adleman, Leonard 176 193 Affine ciphers 145—151 Affine ciphers, cracking 148—150 Affine ciphers, decrypting 147 Affine ciphers, definition 145 Affine ciphers, key 145 Algorithm 21 ATBASH 152 Beale Ciphers 18—19 Caesar ciphers, cracking 21—25 Caesar ciphers, definition 4 Caesar ciphers, with numbers 10 Captain Kidd 39 Captain Midnight 7 Cicadas 83 Cipher strip 9 Cipher Tag 5 15 60 138 Cipher wheel 6 Cipher wheel, tips for using 6 ciphers see “Names of individual ciphers” Ciphers, definition 4 Ciphertext 4 Civil War, American 61 Clock arithmetic see “Modular arithmetic” Cocks, Clifford 193 Code-O-Graph 7 COLOSSUS 143 Common factor see “Factor” Composite number 76 Congruent 11 Congruent mod n 108 (see also “Modular arithmetic”) Cryptography 3 Dancing Men 33 decrypting 4 Diffie, Whitfield 175 193 Divisibility, rules for 78—79 Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan 33 Ellis, James 193 encrypting 4 Enigma cipher 142—143 Equivalent 11 Equivalent mod n 108 (see also “Modular arithmetic”) Exponents 80 167—171 Factor 75 Factor tree 76 Factor, common 82 Factor, greatest common 82 Factoring 75—83 Findley, Josh 165 frequencies 35—39 Frequencies of letters in English, alphabetical 41 Frequencies of letters in English, by frequency 39 Frequencies, definition 36 Frequencies, relative frequency 36 Frequency analysis, tips 48 Germaine, Sophie 163 GIMPS see “Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search” Goldbach conjecture 164 Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search 164 165 Greatest common factor see “Factor” Hellman, Martin 193 Holmes, Sherlock 33 International standard book number see “ISBN” Inverses 133—142 Inverses, modular 135 137—138 183—187 Inverses, multiplicative 135 183 ISBN 121—122 Jefferson, Thomas 73 187 Key 21 Key, good and bad see “Multiplicative ciphers” Key, public and private see “RSA cipher” Keyword ciphers 29—32 Keyword ciphers, definition 30 Keyword ciphers, key letter 30 Keyword ciphers, keyword 30 leap years 120 Letter frequencies see “Frequencies” Lewis and Clark 73 88—89 Linear equivalences, solving 148—150 Little Orphan Annie 7 Livingston, Robert A. 187 Madison, James 187 Mary Queen of Scots 50 Mersenne numbers 162 Mersenne numbers, primes 163 military time see “24-hour clock” Modular arithmetic 103—111 Modular arithmetic, applications of 115—122 Modular arithmetic, calendar applications of 119 Modular arithmetic, definition 107 Modular arithmetic, reduce mod n 109 Modulus 107 Multiple 75 Multiplicative ciphers 125—131 Multiplicative ciphers, bad key 127 Multiplicative ciphers, cracking 138—142 Multiplicative ciphers, decrypting 133—142 Multiplicative ciphers, good key 127 129 Navajo Code Talkers 26 negative numbers 12—15 Nowak, Martin 165 one-time pad 98—99 Pass the Hat 9 Passwords 131 172 Plaintext 4 Poe, Edgar Allen 39 Powers see “Exponents” Prime factorization 76 Prime numbers 76 155—165 Prime numbers, counting 161 Prime numbers, definition 76 Prime numbers, Mersenne primes 163 Prime numbers, Sophie Germaine primes 163 Prime numbers, testing shortcut 157 Prime numbers, twin primes 162 Public-key cryptography 176 (see also “RSA cipher”) Public-key cryptography, British role 193 Reciprocal 135 Rejewski, Marian 143 Relative frequency see “Frequencies” Relatively prime 128 Remainders, using a calculator to find 117—118 Rivest, Ronald 176 193 RSA cipher 155 175—181 189—193 RSA cipher, decrypting 180—181 RSA cipher, decryption key 180 RSA cipher, definition 176 RSA cipher, encrypting 178—179 RSA cipher, encryption key 177 RSA cipher, sending messages 189—193 Secret code 3 Shamir, Adi 176 193 Shift cipher see “Caesar ciphers” Sieve of Eratosthenes 159 substitution ciphers 29—50 Substitution ciphers, cracking 41—50 Substitution ciphers, definition 29 The Mod Game 111 Turing, Alan 143 VENONA 99 Vigenere cipher 53—99 Vigenere cipher, cracking with known keylength 63—73 Vigenere cipher, cracking with unknown keylength 85—96 Vigenere cipher, decrypting 57—60 Vigenere cipher, definition 55 Vigenere cipher, keyword 55 Vigenere cipher, with numbers 60 Vigenere square 58—59 Waltmann, George 165 Williamson, Malcolm 193 World War I 112 World War II 26 142—143 Zimmermann telegram 112—113 “The Gold Bug” 39
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