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Ryden B. — Introduction to Cosmology

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Название: Introduction to Cosmology

Автор: Ryden B.

Аннотация:

Introduction to Cosmology provides a rare combination of a solid foundation of the core physical concepts of cosmology and the most recent astronomical observations. The book is designed for advanced undergraduates or beginning graduate students and assumes no prior knowledge of general relativity. An emphasis is placed on developing the readers' physical insight rather than losing them with complex math. An approachable writing style and wealth of fresh and imaginative analogies from "everyday" physics are used to make the concepts of cosmology more accessible. The book is unique in that it not only includes recent major developments in cosmology, like the cosmological constant and accelerating universe, but also anticipates key developments expected in the next few years, such as detailed results on the cosmic microwave background. For anyone interested in cosmology or astronomy.

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Рубрика: Физика/

Статус предметного указателя: Готов указатель с номерами страниц

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Год издания: 2002

Количество страниц: 300

Добавлена в каталог: 16.04.2007

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Предметный указатель

Abell 2218 (cluster of galaxies)      143
Accelerating universe      60 120
Acceleration equation      53 54 104 198 219
Acceleration equation with cosmological constant      58
Acoustic oscillations      167
Age of universe (), Benchmark Model      90
Age of universe (), empty universe      70
Age of universe (), flat universe, matter + lambda      90
Age of universe (), matter only      75
Age of universe (), radiation only      76
Age of universe (), single-component      73
Alpher, Ralph      148
Angular-diameter distance ()      111—113 161
Angular-diameter distance (), maximum value      113
Angular-diameter distance (), related to luminosity distance      112
Astronomical unit (AU)      1 106
Axions      226
Baryon-antibaryon asymmetry      187 188
Baryon-antibaryon asymmetry in early universe      188
Baryon-to-photon ratio ( $\eta$ )      148 156 169 180 184 185 188
Baryon-to-photon ratio ( $\eta$ ), smallness of      187
Baryonic Jeans mass ()      216
Baryonic Jeans mass () after decoupling      217
Baryonic Jeans mass () before decoupling      217
Baryonic matter      19
Baryons      18
Baryons, energy density      147 187
Baryons, number density      147 186
Bear, polar      107 124
Bear, teddy      28 37
Benchmark Model      67—68 83—84 95—99 120 161 168 192 194
Beryllium (Be)      172 183
big bang      5 15—18
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis      173 174
Big Bounce      91 93
Big Bounce, evidence against      94 123
Big Chill      84 86 89 93
Big crunch      85 86 90 92
Big Crunch, evidence against      123
Big Crunch, time of (t_{\crunch})      87
Blackbody radiation      20
Blueshift      12
Bolometric flux (f)      107 109
Bolometric flux (f), Euclidean      108
Bondi, Hermann      16
BOOMERANG      161 162
Bottom-up scenario      230
Cepheid variable stars      115
Cepheid variable stars, period-luminosity relation      115
Cold dark matter      226 228 231
Cold dark matter, power spectrum      228—230
Coma cluster      128 134 137—139
Coma cluster, distance to      137
Coma cluster, mass of      138 139
Comoving coordinates      36
Copernican Principle      see “Cosmological principle”
Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)      22 149 162
Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), instruments aboard      149
Cosmic microwave background      22 147
Cosmic Microwave Background and baryon density      169
Cosmic Microwave Background and flatness of universe      167
Cosmic Microwave Background, amplitude      152
Cosmic Microwave Background, blackbody spectrum      22 149
Cosmic Microwave Background, compared to starlight      65—66
Cosmic Microwave Background, cooling of      24
Cosmic Microwave Background, correlation function      162 163 165
Cosmic Microwave Background, dipole distortion      149
Cosmic Microwave Background, discovery of      148
Cosmic Microwave Background, energy density      22 147
Cosmic Microwave Background, number density      22 147
Cosmic Microwave Background, origin of      165—167
Cosmic Microwave Background, temperature fluctuations      150 161
Cosmic neutrino background      66 143
Cosmic Neutrino Background, energy density      66
Cosmic Neutrino Background, non-detection      67
Cosmic Neutrino Background, number density      144
Cosmic time (t)      36
Cosmological constant ( $\Lambda$ )      54 56—60 199
Cosmological constant ( $\Lambda$ ), energy density      58
Cosmological constant ( $\Lambda$ ), pressure      58
Cosmological principle      11
Cosmological principle, perfect      17
Cosmological proper time      see “Cosmic time”
Critical density ( $\varepsilon_c$ )      50
Critical density ( $\varepsilon_c$ ), current value      50
Curvature constant ( $\kappa$ )      34 37
Curvature, negative      33
Curvature, positive      32
Dark energy      56
Dark halo      132
Dark matter      21 134
Dark matter, axions      143
Dark matter, neutrinos      143
Dark matter, nonbaryonic      130 133
Dark matter, primordial black holes      143
DASI      161
de Sitter universe      79
Deceleration parameter ()      103
Deceleration parameter (), Benchmark Model      104
Deceleration parameter (), sign convention      103
Density fluctuations, lambda-dominated era      221
Density fluctuations, matter-dominated era      221
Density fluctuations, power spectrum      225
Density fluctuations, radiation-dominated era      220
Density parameter ( $\Omega$ )      51
Density parameter ( $\Omega$ ), baryons ( $\Omega_{bary}$ )      129 187
Density parameter ( $\Omega$ ), clusters of galaxies ( $\Omega_{clus}$ )      139
Density parameter ( $\Omega$ ), cosmological constant ( $\Omega_{\lambda}$ )      67
Density parameter ( $\Omega$ ), galaxies ( $\Omega_{gal}$ )      133
Density parameter ( $\Omega$ ), matter ( $\Omega_m$ )      67 126
Density parameter ( $\Omega$ ), radiation ( $\Omega_r$ )      67
Density parameter ( $\Omega$ ), stars ( $\Omega_{\ast}$ )      127
Deuterium (D)      172
Deuterium abundance      186
Deuterium abundance, determination of      186
Deuterium synthesis      174 177 179
Deuterium synthesis, compared to recombination      179
Deuterium synthesis, temperature of      181
Deuterium-to-neutron ratio, ISO      181
Dicke, Robert      148
Digges, Thomas      6 8
Distance modulus (m — M)      120
Einstein radius ( $\theta_E$ )      140
Einstein radius ( $\theta_{\bar{E}}$ )      142
Einstein — de Sitter universe      75
Einstein, Albeit      26—30 44 58 59 140
Einstein, Albeit, cosmological constant      57
Einstein’s static universe      59 92
Einstein’s static universe, instability      59
Einstein’s static universe, radius of curvature      59
Electron      18
Electron volt (eV)      2
Empty universe      69
Empty universe, expanding      69
Empty universe, static      69
Energy density ( $\varepsilon$ )      45
Energy density ( $\varepsilon$ ), additive      63
Energy density ( $\varepsilon$ ), baryons      147
Energy density ( $\varepsilon$ ), CMB      147
Energy density ( $\varepsilon$ ), flat universe, single-component      74
Energy density ( $\varepsilon$ ), matter      64
Energy density ( $\varepsilon$ ), radiation      64
entropy      52
Equation of state      55 63
Equivalence principle      27
Equivalence principle and photons      29
Equivalence principle and teddy bears      28
Expansion, adiabatic      52
Expansion, superluminal speed      39
False vacuum      204

False vacuum, driving inflation      205
Fermat’s principle      29
Fermi, Enrico      19
First law of thermodynamics      23 52
Flatness problem      191—193
Flatness problem, resolved by inflation      200
Fluid equation      53 54 63
Ford, Kent      132
Fourier transform      224
Fractional ionization (X)      153 158
Free streaming      227
Freezeout      177
Friedmann equation      45 54 63 191
Friedmann equation with cosmological constant      58
Friedmann equation, during inflation      198
Friedmann equation, general relativistic      48
Friedmann equation, Newtonian      47
Friedmann, Alexander      45
Fundamental force      195
Fundamental force, electromagnetic      26
Fundamental force, electroweak      196
Fundamental force, Grand Unified Force      196
Fundamental force, gravitational      26—27
Fundamental force, strong nuclear      26
Fundamental force, weak nuclear      26 176
Galaxy (Milky Way)      2 9 130
Galaxy (Milky Way), luminosity of      2
Galaxy (Milky Way), mass of      133
Galaxy (Milky Way), mass-to-light ratio      133
Galilei, Galileo      28
Gamow, George      148
Gaussian field      225
Geodesic      30
Geometry, Euclidean      27
Geometry, non-Euclidean      43
Gigayear (Gyr)      2
Glashow, Sheldon      196
Gold, Thomas      16
Grand Unified Theory (GUT)      195
Grand Unified Theory (GUT), phase transition      197
Gravitational instability      211—214
Gravitational lens      139
Gravitational lens, cluster of galaxies      142
Gravitational lens, MACHO      140
Gravitational potential energy      134
Gravity, Newton vs. Einstein      30
Guth, Alan      198
Harrison — Zel’dovich spectrum      225 226
Helium (He)      172 183
Helium fraction (Y)      174 184
Helium fraction (Y), primordial      178—179
Herman, Robert      148
High-z Supernova Search Team      118
Hilbert, David      33
Hipparcos satellite      116
Homogeneity      9—11
Horizon distance      200
Horizon distance ( $d_{hor}$ )      8 16 74
Horizon distance ( $d_{hor}$ ) at last scattering      194
Horizon distance ( $d_{hor}$ ), Benchmark Model      98
Horizon distance ( $d_{hor}$ ), flat universe, matter only      75
Horizon distance ( $d_{hor}$ ), flat universe, radiation only      76
Horizon distance ( $d_{hor}$ ), flat universe, single-component      75
Horizon problem      191 193—195
Horizon problem and isotropy of CMB      195
Horizon problem, resolved by inflation      200—202
Hot Big Bang      5 24 191
Hot Big Bang and production of CMB      152
Hot Big Bang, problems with      191
Hot dark matter      226—227
Hot dark matter, power spectrum      228
Hoyle, Fred      16
Hubble constant ()      12 13 49 103
Hubble distance (c/H)      16 39
Hubble distance (c/H) at time of last scattering      165
Hubble friction      203 206 220
Hubble parameter (H)      49
Hubble time ( $H_0^{-1}$ )      15 59
Hubble time ( $H_0^{-1}$ ), relation to age of universe      15 73
Hubble, Edwin      12 105 114
Hubble’s law      12
Hubble’s Law, consequence of expansion      13
Hydra — Centaurus supercluster      150
Hydrogen (H)      172
Hydrostatic equilibrium      138 214
Inflation      198—207
Inflation and density perturbations      207
Inflation and flatness problem      200
Inflation and horizon problem      200—202
Inflation and monopole problem      202
Inflaton field      203 206
Ionization energy (Q)      153
Isotropy      9—10
Jeans length ( $\lambda_J$ )      215
Jeans length ( $\lambda_J$ ), radiation      216
Jeans, James      215
Keplerian rotation      131
kinetic energy      135
LAMBDA      see “Cosmological constant”
Langley, Samuel      107
Large Magellanic Cloud      115 116 140
Large Magellanic Cloud, distance to      116
Large scale structure      209
Last scattering      152
Last scattering surface      152
Last scattering surface, angular-diameter distance to      161 162 195
Last scattering surface, thickness of      160
Leavitt, Henrietta      115
Lemaitre universe      92
Lepton      18
Lithium (Li)      172 183 184
Lobachevski, Nikolai      43
Loitering universe      92 93
Loitering universe, evidence against      94
Lookback time      98
Lookback time, Benchmark Model      99
Luminosity density      16 127
Luminosity distance ()      107 110
Luminosity distance (), flat universe      109
Luminosity distance (), related to angular-diameter distance      112
M31 (Andromeda galaxy)      2 9 12 130—132
M31 (Andromeda galaxy), distance to      116
MACHO      140—142
Magnetic monopole      197
Magnetic monopole, energy density      197
Magnetic monopole, number density      197
Magnitude      119
Magnitude, absolute      119
Magnitude, apparent      119
Mass, gravitational ()      27
Mass, inertial ()      27
Mass-to-light ratio      127
Mass-to-light ratio, cluster of galaxies      139
Mass-to-light ratio, galaxy      133
Mass-to-light ratio, stars      127
Matter-dominated universe, negative curvature      85 86
Matter-dominated universe, positive curvature      85
Matter-dominated universe, ultimate fate of      88
Matter-lambda equality      68 90 91
Matter-lambda equality, Benchmark Model      96
Matthew Effect      211
Maxima      161 168
Maxwell — Boltzmann equation      156 175
Maxwell, James Clerk      195
Mean free path      154
Megaparsec (Mpc)      2
Metric      33
Metric, curved space      34
Metric, flat space      34
Metric, homogeneous & isotropic      34

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