Poynting J.H., Sir Thomson J.J. — Heat (A text book of physics): Eighth Edition
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Íàçâàíèå: Heat (A text book of physics): Eighth Edition
Àâòîðû: Poynting J.H., Sir Thomson J.J.
Àííîòàöèÿ:
This volume on Heat is the third of a series forming a Text-Book on Physics. The first two volumes dealt with tho Properties of Matter and Sound, and the succeeding volumes will deal with Magnetism and Electricity, and Light.
The Text-Book is intended chiefly for the use of students who lay most stress on the study of the experimental part of Physics, and who have not yet reached the stage at which the reading of advanced treatisos on special subjects is desirable. Tî bring the subject within the compass thus prescribed, an account is given only of phenomena which are of special importance, or which appear to throw light on other branches of Physics, and the mathematical methods adopted are very elementary. The student
who possesses a knowledge of advanced mathematical methods, and who knows how to use them, will, no doubt, be able to work out and remember most easily a theory which uses such methods. But at present a large number of earnest students of Physics are not so equipped, and tho authors aim at giving an account of the
subject which will be useful to students of this class. Even for the reader who is mathematically trained, there is some advantage in the study of elementary methods, compensating for their cumbrous form. They bring before us more evidently the points at which various assumptions are made, and they render more
prominent the conditions under which the theory holds good.
Silver, melting-point12 Silver, radiating power of239 Silver, radiation reflective power of230231 Silver, radiation, emissive power of226227 Silver, specific heat of8187 Silver, velocity of light in100 Singing of water163168 Six's thermometer13 Skin, heat conductivity of89 Slag-wool, conductivity of9192 Slate, heat conductivity of103 Sodium chloride, molecular heat87 Sodium sulphate, supersaturated solution of208 Sodium, atomic heat87 Sodium, atomic weight87 Sodium, specific heat87 Sodium, spectrum of242243 Sodium, spectrum of vapour of156 Solar system, energy of111 Solid-gas change of state208 Solid-liquid change of state208 Solids and of viscous132 Solids, atoms and molecules of131—132 Solids, evaporation of208 Solids, expansion of, with rise of temperature17—28 Solids, Fizeau's method23—24 Solids, heat conductivity of90 Solids, illustrations of linear expansions24—28 Solids, isothermals for260 Solids, latent heat of204—205 Solids, Lavoisier and Laplace's method20—23 Solids, linear expansion of1718 Solids, melting-points of199—204 Solids, method of Bureau International des Poids et Mesures1920 Solids, methods of determining specific heat of66 Solids, Pouillet's method20 Solids, Ramsden's method18—19 Solids, volume expansion of28 Solution129320—332 Solution, lowering of melting-point322—327 Solution, osmotic pressure321328—332 Solution, resemblance to fusion207208 Solution, rise in boiling-point321—322 Solution, semi-permeable membranes327—328 Solution, vapour pressure of320 Sound energy112—113 Sound velocity of290294295 Specific gravity bottle method of determining the expansion of liquids with heat35—36 Specific heat6566288—290 Specific heat, electrical heating method76 Specific heat, influence of state on82 Specific heat, melting ice method72—73 Specific heat, method of cooling71—72 Specific heat, method of mixtures66—71 Specific heat, of steam181—182 Specific heat, ratio of, under constant pressure to that at constant volume288—296 Specific heat, relation to atomic and molecular heats83—87 Specific heat, relation to elasticity288—290 Specific heat, specific heat of water76—82 Specific heat, steam method73—76 Spectia of gases, liquids and solids155156227228 Speculum metal, radiation reflective power of231 Sperm oil, adiabatics of287 Spermaceti, melting-point of, under pressure204 Spheroidal state182—188 States of matter157—208 States of matter, boiling163—167 States of matter, change of state157 States of matter, condensation on nuclei168—172 States of matter, critical constants190—195 States of matter, critical point188—190 States of matter, distillation160—163 States of matter, isothermals195—196 States of matter, latent heat178—182 States of matter, liquefaction of gases197—199 States of matter, liquid-gas change158 States of matter, melting of ice200—204 States of matter, of solids204—207 States of matter, solid-liquid change200—208 States of matter, solution207 States of matter, spheroidal state182—184 States of matter, stability of bubbles167—168 States of matter, sublimation208 States of matter, terms “gas” and “vapour”158—160 States of matter, vapour density174—178 States of matter, vapour pressures172—175 States of matter, water-steam change184—188 Steam engine acts by conversion of heat into work9261 Steam, efficiency of265 281—283 Steam, entropy of281 Steam, latent beat of157178—182 Steam, latent heat of, used in calorimetry74 Steam, molecules of133 Steam, specific heat of83181313 Steam, vapour density of178214 Steam, volume of saturated308 Steam-water change of state185—188306 Steel, expansion of, by heat19222526 Steel, magnetic energy of114 Steel, radiation reflective power of230231 Steel, stress and strain in305 Stefan, heat conductivity of air106 Stefan, law of radiation248—250333 Stewart, B.,on radiation227234240241 Stewart, R. W., heat conductivity of iron and copper9899 Stokes, on fall of drops in clouds218 Stracciatasee "Bartoli" Strain energy112—113117—118 Strains and stresses, indicator diagrams for302—305 Sublimation208 Sugar and semi-permeable membranes327 Sugar, osmotic pressure of328 Sulphate of quinine, absorption of radiant energy by225 Sulphur, atomic heat87 Sulphur, atomic weight87 Sulphur, boiling-point12 Sulphur, heat conductivity of103 Sulphur, specific heat87 Sulphur, states of312 Sulphur, sublimation of208 Sulphur, superfusion of201 Sulphuretted hydrogen, molecular heat85 Sulphuretted hydrogen, molecular weight85 Sulphuretted hydrogen, radiations absorbed by235 Sulphuretted hydrogen, specific heat85 Sulphurous acid, molecular heat85 Sulphurous acid, molecular weight85 Sulphurous acid, radiations absorbed by235 Sulphurous acid, specific heat85 Sun, Crova254256 Sun, Langley253254256 Sun, observations by Pouillet251—253 Sun, rate of radiation power251—257 Sun, Rosetti255 Sun, spectrum of243 Sun, temperature of12243 Sun, Violle253—255 Sun, Watterston255 Sun, Wilson255256 Sun, Wilson and Gray255 Supercooling of liquids201 Superfusion201 Supersaturation207—208 Tait, heat conductivity of iron and other metals9899 Tait, of earth107 Tammann, on crystalline forms of ice207 Tatesee "Fairbairn and Tate" Telepathy115 Temperature2 Temperature, absolute scale of10266
Temperature, air scale of10 Temperature, Centigrade and Fahrenheit scale of4 Temperature, decrease of, with height in the atmosphere296 Temperature, Dulong and Petit's law248 Temperature, electric resistance scale of11 Temperature, hydrogen scale of11 Temperature, Newton's law of cooling245—246 Temperature, of human body as a fixed point for thermometric scales5 Temperature, radiation and244—257 Temperature, radiations at different132243 Temperature, Reaumur's scale of5 Temperature, relation of, to entropy276—277287 Temperature, relation of, to pressure on gases138 Temperature, slope or gradient of8893 Temperature, Stefan's law250 Temperature, table of12 Temperature, temperature of the sun255—257 Temperature, to energy278 Temperature, to loss of energy in evaporation162 Temperature, uniform temperature enclosures237—240 Temperature, variation of rate of radiation with244—245 Temperature, work scale of910266 Thermal equilibrium2 Thermo-electric thermometer1112 Thermodynamics258—342 Thermodynamics, absolute or work scale of temperature266—268 Thermodynamics, adiabatic change285—305 Thermodynamics, adiabatics or isentropics261 Thermodynamics, air thermometer scale269-270 Thermodynamics, alteration of vapour pressure with curvature of liquid314—317 Thermodynamics, application of Doppler's principle338—340 Thermodynamics, change of energy in adiabatic expansion340—341 Thermodynamics, distribution of energy in the spectrum341—342 Thermodynamics, energy278—281 Thermodynamics, entropy274—278 Thermodynamics, first law of128 Thermodynamics, full radiation337—338 Thermodynamics, heat engines261—266 Thermodynamics, heat taken in by a body expanding isothermally284—285 Thermodynamics, hydrostatic pressure in relation to vapour pressure and melting-point317—320 Thermodynamics, isopiestics and isometrics261 Thermodynamics, isothermals260—261 Thermodynamics, lowering of the melting-point322—327 Thermodynamics, non-reversible cyclical engine270—271 Thermodynamics, of isothermal and adiabatic changes284—305 Thermodynamics, osmotic pressure320—321332 Thermodynamics, possible efficiency, of a steam engine281—283 Thermodynamics, raising of the boiling-point321—322 Thermodynamics, relation between volume and entropy338 Thermodynamics, relation between volume and temperature338 Thermodynamics, reversible cycles272—273 Thermodynamics, reversible engine271—272 Thermodynamics, second law258 Thermodynamics, semi-permeable membranes327—328 Thermodynamics, specific heats288—295 Thermodynamics, stream of energy334335 Thermodynamics, temperature of change of state and solutions306—331 Thermodynamics, temperature of radiation333—342 Thermodynamics, temperature of solutions320 Thermodynamics, the first latent heat equation306—312 Thermodynamics, the fourth power law335—337 Thermodynamics, the indicator diagram259—260 Thermodynamics, the second latent heat equation312—314 Thermodynamics, Van t'Hoff's application of328—332 Thermometer, Bottomley's air50 Thermometer, calibrating7 Thermometer, Callendar's compensating constant pressure51—52 Thermometer, Callendar's constant volume, Bottomley's constant volume50 Thermometer, certificated7 Thermometer, constant pressure gas50—51 Thermometer, contraction of3 Thermometer, differential220—221 Thermometer, fixing the points of a4—6 Thermometer, gas48 Thermometer, hydrogen49 Thermometer, limits of accuracy of8 Thermometer, maximum and minimum13 Thermometer, platinum resistance11 Thermometer, precautions in using7 Thermometer, range of the ordinary mercury89 Thermometer, Regnault's normal air48—49 Thermometer, thermo-electric1112 Thermometer, use of2 Thermopile221 Thomson and Joule, on intrinsic energy of air298 Thomson, J., on influence of pressure on melting-point203—309 Thomson, J., on the change from gas to water187188 Thunder cloud formation57 Tilden, on specific heat of metals81 Tin, atomic heat87 Tin, atomic weight87 Tin, electric conductivity of100 Tin, heat conductivity of100 Tin, radiation emissive power of226 Tin, radiation reflective power of230231 Tin, specific heat87 Tobin system of ventilation6162 Tourmaline, radiating power of240 Trachyte, heat conductivity of103 Trade Winds56 Tradescantia discolor, osmosis in327 Translation, energy of134 Translation, motion of133134 Translation, velocity of134—135 Transparency234 Transpiration or effusionsee "Effusion" Trap, heat conductivity of103 Travers, on liquefaction of gases197199 Triple point309 Tripler, liquefaction of gas198 Tyndall, on radiation and absorption by gases234—236 Tyndall, on radiation of platinum248 Tyndall, on regelation201 Tyndall, on transparency and opaqueness of iodine in solution to radiation234 Unit of heat65 Van der Waals, gas equation of152193—195 Van der Waals, on critical constants196197 Van t'Hoff, application of thermodynamics328—332 Van t'Hoff, on osmotic pressure324 Vapour, density of gases175178 Vapour, latent heat of178—182 Vapour, use of term158159 Vapour, vapourliquid change of state157—200 Vapour-pressures172—175 Vapour-pressures of curved surfaces314—317 Vapour-pressures, influence of hydrostatic pressure on317—319 Velocity of molecules133 Ventilation61—63 Ventilation, Tobin system6162 Vincent, on specific gravity of ice72 Violle, on solar radiation253—255 Violle, on specific heat of platinum81 Visible rays, temperature of12 Volume expansion of solids28 Water capacity for heat66 Water equivalent for heat66 Water, adiabatics of287 Water, boiling of163—167 Water, boiling-point of, as a fixed point in thermometric scales4512 Water, change from water to vapour309—312 Water, convection in90 Water, critical temperature and pressure of192195 Water, distillation of161—163 Water, entropy of271281 Water, expansion of, by heat337—40 Water, freezing of200205—207 Water, heat conductivity of899096103—106 Water, in the atmosphere209—219 Water, isothermals of207 Water, latent heat of73157200203205
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