This book constitutes the first effort to summarize a large volume of results obtained over the past 20 years in the context of the Discrete Nonlinear Schr?dinger equation and the physical settings that it describes. It contains an introduction to the model, its systematic derivation and its connection to applications, a subsequent analysis of the existence and the stability of fundamental nonlinear structures in 1, 2 and even 3 spatial lattice dimensions. It also covers the case of defocusing nonlinearities, the modulational instabilities of plane wave solutions, and the extension to multi-component lattices. In addition, it features a final chapter on special topics written by a wide array of experts in the field, addressing through short reviews, areas of particular recent interest.