This book is part of a series from the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics focusing on Mathematical Modeling and Computation. The book presents physiological and modeling fundamentals with a compilation of research in the area. It is an essential reference for anyone dealing with systems physiology modeling and downstream applications. The content covered by chapter includes; Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physiology and Anatomy, Blood Flow in the Heart, The Ejection Effect of the Pumping Heart, Modeling Flow and Pressure in the Systemic Arteries, A Cardiovascular Model, A Baroreceptor Model, Respiration, The SIMA Simulator, and Momentum Equation for a Small Artery.