Why do students find learning mathematics difficult? Can anything be done about this? What can we learn from mathematics lessons in which students are motivated to struggle with difficult mathematical ideas? How can teachers make sense of the research which is available, and use it to improve practice in real classrooms? This book explores the factors that influence young people’s learning of mathematics. It uses a holistic, socio-culturally informed approach to show how all young people can be encouraged to engage with and learn mathematics.