Through advanced characterization and new fabrication techniques, nanostructured materials have become a central focus of investigation in materials science, chemistry, physics, and engineering. Nanomaterials with a range of morphologies and compositions have been shown to display varied functionality in areas such as electronic structure, optical effects, and spin dynamics. This book presents a detailed overview of recent research developments on functional nanomaterials, including synthesis, characterization, and applications. A series of chapters provides state-of-the-art information on oxide nanoparticles, metal nanostructures, semiconductor nanocrystals, and polymer nanocomposites.