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Anderson S., Auquier A., Hauck W.W. — Statistical methods for comparative studies: Techniques for bias reduction
Anderson S., Auquier A., Hauck W.W. — Statistical methods for comparative studies: Techniques for bias reduction



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Название: Statistical methods for comparative studies: Techniques for bias reduction

Авторы: Anderson S., Auquier A., Hauck W.W.

Аннотация:

Brings together techniques for the design and analysis of comparative studies. Methods include multivariate matching, standardization and stratification, analysis of covariance, logit analysis, and log linear analysis. Quantitatively assesses techniques' effectiveness in reducing bias. Discusses hypothesis testing, survival analysis, repeated measure design, and causal inference from comparative studies.


Язык: en

Рубрика: Технология/

Статус предметного указателя: Готов указатель с номерами страниц

ed2k: ed2k stats

Год издания: 1980

Количество страниц: 299

Добавлена в каталог: 01.12.2013

Операции: Положить на полку | Скопировать ссылку для форума | Скопировать ID
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Предметный указатель
Aalen, O.      210
Accelerated life testing      227
Actuarial estimator      208 211
Additive hazards      226—227
Adjustment      4 49 50
Adjustment techniques, use of in randomized studies      34 143
Adjustment, confounding factors in      49
Adjustment, effect of measurement error on      52
Adjustment, unnecessary      14—15
Age-specific failure rate      206
Althauser, R.P.      95 111
Analysis of covariance (ANCOV A)      5 73 115 140—160 262 263 270
Analysis of covariance (ANCOV A) vs. matching      266—268
Analysis of covariance (ANCOV A) vs. stratification      263—264
Analysis of covariance (ANCOV A), adjusted difference of means      146—148
Analysis of covariance (ANCOV A), application to premeasure/postmeasure designs      239
Analysis of covariance (ANCOV A), assumptions      144 148—151
Analysis of covariance (ANCOV A), departures from the standard assumptions      151—157
Analysis of covariance (ANCOV A), formulas      157—159
Analysis of covariance (ANCOV A), mathematical model      60 144 145 162—163
Analysis of covariance (ANCOV A), measurement error      156
Analysis of covariance (ANCOV A), multiple confounding variables      156—157
Analysis of covariance (ANCOV A), nonlinear but parallel regressions      154—156
Analysis of covariance (ANCOV A), nonparallel regressions      152—154
Analysis of covariance (ANCOV A), use of transformations      155—156
Analysis of variance (Anova)      90 140—141 143
Andersen, E.B.      123 135 138
Anderson, S.      125
Anderson, T.W.      169 175
Anscombe, F.J.      136 138
Armitage, P.      202 226 231 233 234
Ashton, W.P.      170 176
Association, coherence      275 278
Association, coherence, consistency      275 277
Association, coherence, gradient of effect      275 278
Association, coherence, specificity      275 277
Association, coherence, statistical      8
Association, coherence, strength      275 276—277
Association, coherence, temporality      275 278
Atkins, H.      29 30
Attributable risk      20
Background factor      7
Background factor in randomized studies      34—35
Background factor in survival analysis      201 216—219
Background factor, time dependent      201
Background factor, treatment effect dependent on      18 27—30
Balancing      91
Belson estimate      152—153
Belson, W.A.      152 159
Berkson, J.      21 30 169 170 176
Bias, due to confounding factors      3 8 10 11 25 71—74
Bias, due to confounding factors, elimination of      57 66
Bias, due to confounding factors, in log-linear analysis      190
Bias, due to confounding factors, in logit analysis      167
Bias, due to confounding factors, observation      39 40
Bias, due to confounding factors, of an estimator, defined      11 17
Bias, due to confounding factors, selection      40 42 44
Billewicz, W.Z.      266 267 273
Binary regression      169
Birch, M.M.      122 135 138
Bishop, Y.M.M.      121 138 167 177 180 190 197
Black welder, W.L.      176
Blind studies      33 39
Blomquist, N.      238 259
Borich, G.D.      156 159 160
Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program      40 44
Breslow, N.      171 176 202 210 215 216 219 229 231 232 233 234 272 273
Bross, I.D.J.      51 277 279
Brown, B.W.      234
Bryk, A.S.      251 254 255 256 257 258 259 260
Burgert, D.E.      232
Byar, D.P.      224 233
Cain, G.G.      253 259
Campbell, D.T.      55 67 240 252 260
Carpenter, R.G.      95 100 111 267 270
Case-control study      39—42
Case-control study, definition      37
Case-control study, estimation of treatment effect in      21 40—41
Case-control study, log-linear analysis in      188
Case-control study, logit analysis in      170—171
Case-control study, observation bias in      40
Case-control study, odds ratio in      21 41—42 43—44
Case-control study, properties      40
Case-control study, selection bias in      40 42 44
Case-control study, standardization in      121—122
Cassell, J.C.      112
Categorical variable, definition      19
Categorical variable, measures of treatment effect with      19
Causal inference      47 50
Causal inference in cross-sectional studies      43
Causal inference, facilitated by randomization      33
Censoring      200
Censoring, assumptions concerning      224
Change score      238
Chatterjee, S.      150 155 159
Chi-square statistic, conditional likelihood ratio      171 190—192
Chi-square statistic, Pearson      171 181 190
Chi-square test      180
Chiang, C.L.      128 138 225 232
Choice of procedure      261—274
Choice of procedure, categorical or numerical variables      262—266
Choice of procedure, matching vs. adjustment      266—270
Chowdhurg, N.R.      68
Clark, V.A.      202 227 233
Clayton, D.G.      215
Cochran, W.G.      35 37 44 49 51 67 76 83 84 86 90 93 95 97 100 106 111 112 115 119 128 138 144 150 152 156 157 159 167 177 214 234 263 266 268 270 273
Cohort study      38—39
Cohort study, definition      37
Cohort study, log-linear analysis in      188
Cohort study, observation bias in      40
Cohort study, properties      38
Cohort study, prospective      38
Cohort study, retrospective      38
Colton, T.      23 30 202 209 232
Combining procedures      270—273
Committee for the Assessment of Biometric Aspects of Controlled Trials of Hypoglycemic Agents      35 45
Comparative studies, nonrandomized      35—37 43
Comparative studies, randomized      32—35
Comparative studies, types of      37—43
Comparison group, defined      2
Comparison group, establishing, ways of      31 43
Competing risks      201 225—226
Conditional maximum likelihood estimator of the odds ratio in matching      94 104
Conditional maximum likelihood estimator of the odds ratio in stratification      122—124 125 134—136
Confidence limits      11 67
Confounding factor      11
Confounding factor in log-linear analysis      185 187 191 197
Confounding factor in survival analysis      216
Confounding factor, definition of      7 25
Confounding factor, effect on an estimate of treatment effect      3 24—27
Confounding factor, individual growth trajectory as      252
Confounding factor, marginal and joint distribution      48 50
Confounding factor, multiple      5
Confounding factor, omitted      46—52 105—106
Confounding factor, selection of      49—50
Confounding factor, separation of groups on      63—67
Contingency table, definition      178
Contingency table, dimensions of      178
Contingency table, log-linear analysis of      178—198
Contingency table, treatment effect in      19 180
Control group, defined      2
Cornfield, J.      35 45 164 168 176 177
Cox regression model in survival analysis      202 225 229—231
Cox regression model, estimation of coefficients in      230—231
Cox regression model, log-likelihood for      230
Cox regression model, relative efficiency of      227
Cox regression model, testing hypotheses within      230
Cox, D.R.      35 45 50 67 90 111 169 176 202 210 215 216 217 219 220 221 226 229 230 232 233 234 272 273
Cox, G.M.      35 44
Cronbach, L.J.      150 159 253 260
Cross product ratio      20
Cross-sectional study      42—43
Crowley, J.      210 221 222 223 224 229 232
Cumulative hazard      210 221
Daniel, D.      23 30
Day, N.E.      273
DeGracie, J.S.      156 159
Delay in treatment      201 222
Dichotomous variable      19
Difference of averages      22 25
Difference of rates      20
Difference of rates, standardized estimators of      120—121 130—131
Direct standardization      115—117 120 121 126 132—133
Discriminant analysis      51 66
Discriminant analysis as alternative to logit analysis      167—168
Discriminant analysis, application to matching      95 102
Discriminant analysis, application to stratification      127
Donner, A.      170
Dorn, H.F.      40
Draper, N.R.      150 155 159
Drolette, M.E      227 232
Duncan, D.B.      174 177
Efron, B.      35 45 168 176 227 230 232
Elashoff, J.D.      150 151 159
Eraut, C.D.      68
Erlebacher, A.      240 252 260
Estimator      11
Ethical considerations      36 64
Everitt, B.S.      180 197
Extent of exposure      212
External standard of comparison      145
External validity      5 36
Failure rate, age specific      206
Fallible variable      52 78
Fan spread hypothesis      240
Fan spread model, strong      250
Fearn, R.      258 260
Feinberg, S.E.      138 180 194 197 198
Feinstein, A.R.      40 45
Finney, D.J.      164 176
Fisher, L.      210 224 232 233
Fisher, R.A.      34 45 141 160 168 169 176 278 279
Fleiss, J.E.      19 21 30 94 111 128 138 270 273
Floden, R.E.      159 260
Force of mortality      206
Frei, E.      232
Freireich, E.J.      200 232
Gail, M.H.      223 226 232
Gain, simple      238
Gain, standardized      238
Gart, J.J.      122 123 125 128 134 135 136 137 138
Gehan, E.      216 232
Gendel, B.R.      232
Generalized residuals      221
Gilbert, E.S.      168 176
Gilbert, J.P.      36 45
Gillespie, M.J.      210 233
Glass, G.V.      151 160
Godbout, R.C.      159
Goldberger, A.S.      164 176
Goldbourt, V.      176
Goldman, A.      121 138
Goodman, E.A.      122 123 190 198
Goodness-of-fit of log-linear models      190
Goodness-of-fit of logit model      171
Gordon, T.      164 176
Greenberg, B.G.      93 111 141 142 143 147 148 157 160
Greenhouse, S.W.      168 177
Greenwood, M.      209 233
Gross, A.J.      202 227 233
Groups, comparison      2
Groups, control      2
Groups, exposed      6
Groups, fan close      246
Groups, fan spread      246
Groups, Growth trajectories, cross over      246
Groups, individual      243 254—258
Groups, mean      246
Groups, nonexposed      6
Groups, parallel      246
Groups, risk      7
Groups, separation on a confounding variable      63—67
Groups, treatment      2
Guerrier, C.J.      68
Haberman, S.J.      180 198
Haddon, W.Jr.      39 45 103 111
Haenszel, W.M.      122 124 137 139
Haitovsky, Y.      265 273
Haldane, J.B.S.      136 137 139
Halperin, M.      168 176
Halvorsen, K.T.      273
Hanushek, E.A.      23 30 164 169 176
Haphazard allocation      32
Harris, C.W.      238 260
Hauck, W.W.      124 125 137 139 170 176
Haurani, F.      232
Hayward, J.L.      30
Hazard function      202 205—206 228
Hazard function, weibull      227
Hazard rate      228
Hennekens, C.H.      271 272 274
Herman, J.B.      176
Herring, R.A.      115 139
Herrmann, W.L.      274
Hill, A.B.      22 30 202 231 277 278 279
Hinkley, D.V.      272 273
Hoel, P.G.      170 176
Holford, T.R.      272 273
Holland, P.W.      138 197
Homogeneity of groups, in survival analysis      204 210
Hoogstraten, B.      232
Howard, S.V.      233 234
Hu, M.      221 222 223 224 232 234
Ibrahim, M.A.      42 45
Ikeda, K.      112
Indirect standardization      117 120—121 126 130—133
Interaction      64 78 118
Interaction in analysis-of-covariance      149
Interaction in log-linear analysis      185
Interaction in logit analysis      165 172
Interaction in survival analysis      217
Interaction, definition      29
Internal validity      5
Jackson, J.E.      23 30 164 169 176
Jafary, M.H.      68
Johnson — Neyman technique      154
Johnson, P.O.      154 160
Jones, R.H.      174 176
Jones, S.      68
Kahn, H.A.      168 176
Kalbfleisch, J.D.      202 219 227 233
Kalton, G.      93 111 126 139
Kanarek, P.      224 232
Kannel, W.      177
Kaplan — Meier estimator      211 229
Kaplan, E.E      210 233
Kark, J.D.      112
Kay, R.      221 222 233
Kelsey, J.E.      273
Kempthorne, O.      35
Kenny, D.      253 260
Keyfitz, N.      118 128 139
Kitagawa, E.M.      118 139
Klugman, D.J.      30
Lachenbruch, P.A.      51 67 102 111
Lagokos, S.W.      225 226 233 234
Lancaster, T.      200 233
Laycock, F.      112
Leahy, F.J.      125
Lee, S.      232
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