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| Anderson S., Auquier A., Hauck W.W. — Statistical methods for comparative studies: Techniques for bias reduction |
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| Ïðåäìåòíûé óêàçàòåëü |
Lev, J. 154 160
Liddell, F.D.K. 216 233
Life tables 201 205—216
Life testing, accelerated 227
Light, R.J. 45
Linearity 59 149—150
Linn, R.L. 239 260
Log-linear analysis 5 178—198 262
Log-linear analysis with standardization 121 127 197
Log-linear analysis, conditional independence model in 186—187
Log-linear analysis, confounding factors in 185 187 191 197
Log-linear analysis, estimation in 188—190
Log-linear analysis, fitting a model in 188—194
Log-linear analysis, goodness-of-fit in 190
Log-linear analysis, independence model in 182—183
Log-linear analysis, interaction in 185
Log-linear analysis, odds ratio in 180 184 186'
Log-linear analysis, relationship with logit analysis 167 194—197
Log-linear analysis, saturated model in 183 185 187
Log-linear analysis, studies, types of 188
Log-rank test 212—214
Logistic regression 169
Logit analysis 5 115 135 161—177 262 264
Logit analysis in case-control studies 170—171
Logit analysis of matched samples 167 272—273
Logit analysis, bias of 167
Logit analysis, hypothesis testing in 170 171—172
Logit analysis, interaction in 165 172
Logit analysis, model 162—165
Logit analysis, multiple confounding variables in 172—174
Logit analysis, parameter estimation in 167—170 174—175
Logit analysis, relation with Cox's regression model 216
Logit analysis, relationship with log-linear analysis 167 194—197
Logit transformation 163
Logit transformation, empirical 169
Longitudinal study 5 42
Longitudinal study and survival analysis 200
Lord, F.M. 52 67 156 160
Losses to follow-up 38
MacMahon, B. 14 17 21 30 38 45
Mann, N.R. 227 233
Mantel — Haenszel estimator 122 124 125 137—138 265
Mantel — Haenszel estimator in matched samples 94 104
Mantel — Haenszel estimator in survival analysis 215
Mantel — Haenzel estimator in 94 104
Mantel — Haenzel estimator in, quality of matches in 106—108
Mantel — Haenzel estimator in, regression adjustment on 266 271
Mantel, N. 122 124 128 137 171 177 224 233 234
Marks, H.H. 118 139
Matched samples, logit analysis of 167 272—273
Matching 4 56 69—112 262
Matching vs. ANCOVA 266—268
Matching vs. stratification 268—269
Matching with linear adjustment 102—103
Matching with multiple comparison subjects 103—105
Matching with multiple confounding variables 77
Matching, application to premeasure/postmeasure designs 252
Matching, caliper 73 78—84
Matching, caliper, bias reduction due to 83—84
Matching, circular 100 267
Matching, comparison control reservoir, definition of 75
Matching, directional measure of congruence 107—108
Matching, discriminant 95 102
Matching, equal percent bias reducing types 95 103
Matching, errors of measurement in 106
Matching, factors influencing bias reduction 74—77
Matching, frequency 73 75 88—90 115
Matching, frequency, bias reduction due to 90
Matching, hypothesis testing in 93—94 104—105
Matching, index of congruence 107
Matching, initial difference, definition of 76
Matching, Mahalanobis 101—102 103
Matching, mean 73—74 75 91—93
Matching, mean, bias reduction due to 97
Matching, metric 95 99 103
Matching, minimum distance 99—102
Matching, model 71 109—111
Matching, multivariate 94—103
Matching, multivariate caliper 95—97 100
Matching, multivariate caliper, bias reduction due to 97
Matching, multivariate nearest available 102
Matching, multivariate stratified 95 97—99
Matching, nearest available 73 84—87 108
Matching, nearest available, bias reduction due to 85—87
Matching, nearest available, high-low 85
Matching, nearest available, low-high 85
Matching, nearest available, random order 84 109
Matching, nonpair 73 75 109
Matching, omitted variables in 105—106
Matching, pair 73 75 93 109
Matching, reduction in sample size 266 269—270
Matching, stratified 73 87—88
Matching, stratified, bias reduction due to 87—88
Mathematical models 57 109—111
Mathematical models, specification of 57—61
Mather, H.G. 64 68
Maugh, T.H. 40 45
Maximum likelihood in logit analysis 167 174—175
Maximum likelihood in stratification 122 124 125 134—136 174
Maximum likelihood, conditional 94 104 122—124 125 134—136
McCarrll, J.R. 45 111
McDonald, J.C 233
McHugh, P.M. 68
McKinlay, S.M. 52 68 87 98 104 111 115 124 125 139 263 264 266 268 269 274
McNemar's test 94
McPeek, B. 45
McPherson, K. 233 234
Mean squared error 8 12 17
Measurement error 52—54 66
Measurement error in ANCOVA 150 156
Measurement error in matching 106
Measurement of change 238
Medalie, J.H. 176
Meier, P. 210 233
Miettinen, O.S. 104 111 121 127 139
Mills, S.D. 232
Minimum logit chi-square estimator 169—170
Models, fitting 59
Models, linear 59 109—110
Models, misspecification 71 276—277
Models, nonlinear 60 110—111
Models, selection 61 253
Models, specification 57—61 64
Modified Woolf estimator 122 124 125 136—137 265
Moon, J.H. 232
Moore, D.H.I. 168 177
Mosteller, F. 23 30 45 50 68 150 155 160 169 177 197 198 257 260
Multiple regression, model specification 50
Nelson, W. 210 233
Neufeld, H.N. 176
Neyman, J. 154 160
Nonlinear functions 60
Nonrandomized studies 13
Nonrandomized studies in survival analysis 22
Nonrandomized studies, omitted confounding factors in 47
Novick, M. 52 67
Numerical variable, definition 19
Oakes, D. 219 227 230 233
Observation bias in case-control studies 40
Observation bias in cohort studies 39
Odds 20 23
Odds ratio in case-control studies 21
Odds ratio in log-linear analysis 180 184 186
Odds ratio in logit analysis 164
Odds ratio, definition of 20
Odds ratio, in survival analysis 215 228
Odds ratio, relationship with relative risk 21 41—42 43—44
Odds ratio, stratified estimators of 87 94 104 122—126 268—269
Odds ratio, stratified estimators of, Birch's 122 124 136 265
Odds ratio, stratified estimators of, comparisons 122—126 264—265
| Odds ratio, stratified estimators of, conditional maximum likelihood 122—124 125 134—136
Odds ratio, stratified estimators of, Gart's 122 125 135—136
Odds ratio, stratified estimators of, Mantel — Haenszel 122 124 137—138 265
Odds ratio, stratified estimators of, maximum likelihood 122—124 125 134—136
Odds ratio, stratified estimators of, modified Woolf 122 124 125 136—137 265
Odds ratio, stratified estimators of, Woolf's 122 124 128 136—137
Odds ratio, tests of hypotheses for 122 124 128
Omitted confounding factors 46—52
Ordered categories, definition 19
Ordered categories, log-linear models for 194
Ordered categories, scores for 19 194
Outcome factor 5
Outcome factor in survival analysis 200
Outcome factor, form of dictating measure of treatment effect 19
Outcome factor, intermediate 17
Partial likelihood 217
Partial means algorithm 91 93
Pearson, N.G. 68
Peckham, P.D. 160
Peto, J. 214 233 234
Peto, R. 202 209 214 215 222 233 234
Pike, M.C.. 233 234
Pinkel, D. 232
Pocock, S.J. 35
Potthoff, R.F. 154 160
Powers, W. 171 176
PRECISION 8 17
Premeasure differences, adjustment for 236
Premeasure/postmeasure designs 235—260
Prentice, R. 274
Prentice, R.L. 202 219 227 233
Price, B. 150 155 159
Price, G.G. 159 260
Probit analysis 164
Product-limit estimator 211 229
Proportional hazards model 201
Proportional hazards model, effect of violations of 221—222
Proportional hazards model, extended 217
Proportional hazards model, testing of 219—222
Prospective cohort study 38
Proxy variable 16
Psychometric tests 52
Pugh, T.F. 14 17 21 30 38
Randomization 4 32—35
Randomization in small samples 35
Randomization, advantages of 32
Randomization, background factors when using 34—35
Randomization, definition of 32
Randomization, stratified 35
Randomization, unlucky 35
Randomized studies 13
Randomized studies in survival analysis 222
Randomized studies, adjustment techniques in, use of 34 143
Randomized studies, design of 35
Randomized studies, omitted confounding factors in 47
Rates, crude 115 129
Rates, directly standardized 119 129
Rates, indirectly standardized 119 129
Rates, specific 115 118 119 129
Read, K.L.Q. 68
Regression 23 50 141 143 162 169 261 262
Regression adjustment on matched samples 266 271
Regression effect 54—57 66
Regression model 50 140 162
Regression model in survival analysis (Cox) 202
regression toward the mean 55
Regression with grouped data 265
Reichardt, C.S. 239 260
Relative risk in survival analysis 204 212 214
Relative risk in the presence of a confounding factor 26
Relative risk, definition of 20
Relative risk, directly standardized 116 130—131
Relative risk, indirectly standardized 117
Relative risk, relationship with odds ratio 21 41—42 43—44
Reliability 52 156
Repeated measure ANOVA 238
Repeated measures designs 5 235—260
Repetition 11 17
Response factor 5
Retrospective cohort study 38
Reynolds, H.T. 180 198
Risk factor, confusion over 16—17
Risk factor, definition of 5
Risk variable, form of dictating measure of treatment effect 19
Riss, E. 176
Rogosa, D.R. 156 159 160 260
Rosner, B. 271 272 274
Rubin, D.B. 73 76 83 84 86 90 93 95 100 102 103 106 109 111 112 150 159 253 260 266 267 271 273 274
Sampling error 61—63
Sanders, J.R. 160
Schafer, R.E. 233
Schlesselman, J.J. 277 279
Schroeder, L.R. 232
Scoring for ordered categories 19 194
Seigel, D.G. 168 177
Selawry, O.S. 232
Selection effects 33—34 40 44
Self-censoring 224—226
Separation of groups on a confounding factor 63—66
Shaw, D.B. 68
Sheps, M.C. 19
Significance tests 12
Simon, R. 35 45
Simple gain 238
Singpurwalla, N.D. 233
Slinde, J.A. 239 260
Smith, A.H. 101 112
Smith, D.C. 273 274
Smith, H. 150 155 159
Smith, M.S. 166 177 179 198 236 260
Smith, P.G. 234
Smith, W.W. 176
Snedecor, G.W. 93 102 112 167 177 214 234
Snell, F.J. 50 67 221
Spears, G.F.S. 112
Spiegelman, M. 118 139
Spurr, C.L. 232
Standard errors, of an estimator 12
Standard errors, of an estimator, and random error 11 12
Standard errors, of an estimator, and systematic error 11 12
Standard mortality ratio 117 129
Standard of comparison 2 4
Standard population 10 152
Standard population, choice of 118—119 122
Standardization 5 10 115 122 128—133 262
Standardization for numerical outcomes 126
Standardization in case-control studies 121—122
Standardization of standard popultion 118—119 122
Standardization, application of log-linear analysis to 121 127 197
Standardization, application to premeasure/postmeasure designs 252
Standardization, bias of 120—121 122 130—132
Standardization, choice of procedure 119—120
Standardization, definition 114
Standardization, direct 115—117 120 121
Standardization, direct, estimators of difference of rates 120 131—132
Standardization, direct, estimators of relative risk 116 120 130—131
Standardization, equivalence of direct and indirect 132—133
Standardization, hypothesis testing in 128
Standardization, indirect 117 120—121 126 129 130—133
Standardization, indirect, estimators of difference of rates 121 131—132
Standardization, indirect, estimators of relative risk 117 121 130—131
Standardization, multiple confounding factors in 127
Standardization, precision of 121 127
standardized scores 100
Stanley, J.G. 55 67
Statistical association 8
Statistical estimation, relation to sample size 63
Statistical models 12
statistical significance 8 12
Statistical significance and non-randomized studies 13
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