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Prigogine I. — From being to becoming: time and complexity in the physical sciences.
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Название: From being to becoming: time and complexity in the physical sciences.Автор: Prigogine I. Аннотация: This book is about time. I would like to have named it Time, the Forgotten Dimension, although such a title might surprise some readers. Is not time incorporated from the start in dynamics, in the study of motion? Is not time the very point of concern of the special theory of relativity? This is certainly true. However, in the dynamical description, be it classical or quantum, time enters only in a quite restricted way, in the sense that these equations are invariant with respect to time inversion, t —> — t. Although a specific type of interaction, the so-called superweak interaction, seems to violate this time symmetry, the violation plays no role in the problems that are the subject of this book.
Язык: Рубрика: Физика /Статус предметного указателя: Готов указатель с номерами страниц ed2k: ed2k stats Год издания: 1980Количество страниц: 289Добавлена в каталог: 09.04.2006Операции: Положить на полку |
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Absolute temperature 78 Absorption and emission lines 4 Acceleration 2 Action variable 30—32 40 56 194 Adelphic integrals 41 Adenosine triphosphate 95 Adjoint operator 54 181 183 Affinity 85—86 94—95 Aggregation process 123 Allen, P. 123 124 Amoeba 213 Angle variable 30 32 40 Anticommutator 198 Aristotle 2 104 Arnol'd, V. 19 38 42 Arnold, L. 147 149 222 Attractor 7—8 29 182 Autocatalytic reaction 95—96 108 125 Average value 23 59 61 Avez, A. 222 Avogadro's number 33 79 144 Babloyantz, A. 119 Bach, J.S. 51 Baker transformation 187—191 211 219—231 Balescu, R. 35 37 38 Bare particle 197 Barucha-Reid, A.T. 135 Bellemans, A. 163 166 Belousov — Zhabotinskii reaction 120—122 200 Belousov, B.B. 120 Benard convection 89 Benard instability 88 Benrubi, M. 147 Bergson, H. 3 Bernouilli shift 220—221 Besso, M. 202—203 Bifurcation 103 105 109—110 116 147 204 Bifurcation diagram 105 106 Bifurcation parameter 119 147 Bifurcation point 119 134 Biological order 83 Bird, R.B. 163 Birkhoff, G. 35 Black hole 4 Bohr, N. 48 51 70 174 250 255 Boltzmann constant 10 79 Boltzmann equation 157 161 162 164 166 168 192—193 196 206 Boltzmann formula 80 Boltzmann H quantity 161 166 167 169 181 182 Boltzmann H theorem 156 164 206 Boltzmann order principle 77 81 89 Boltzmann, L. 9 10 33 47 80 156—157 159—166 170 181 186 187 206 210 Borckmans, P. 138 Born, N. 48 50 51 54 55 56 60 198 202 Bose statistics 59 Bosons 59 boundary conditions 8 28 104 109 Bra vector 53 Bray, W. 121 Briggs, T. 121 Broken symmetry 164 184 186—187 Brownian motion 11 26 57 135 148 195 Bruns, H. 32 Brusselator 98 105 109 116 142 Caillois, R. 84 canonical ensemble 29 Canonical equations 32 Canonical transformation 30 32 56 Canonical variables 22 30 Caplan, R. 122 catalyst 83 Catalytic effect 122 Catalytic reaction 95 103 122 Catastrophe 103 106 120 Causality 65 Central limit theorem 148 Chandrasekhar, S. 11 88 165 Chapman, S. 155 160 163 Chemical clock 112 Chemical games 135 137 Chemical instabilities 104 Chemical kinetics 98 132—133 204 Chemical potentials 79 87 Chemical reactions 6 84—85 93 135 Chemical reactions, rates of 94 Chemical waves 109 110 113 Classical dynamics 19 26 Classical mechanics 2 3 13 20—21 56 Clausius, R. 5 78 84 Closed system 78 Coarse graining 12 157 Coherence in quantum theory 249—255 Coherent state 89 Collective mode 194 Collision 193 Collision operator 192 196 Collision term 160 164 Collisional invariant 162 Commutation rules 251—254 Commutator 63 188 Complementarity 49 51 71 159 173—177 188—189 196 Completeness relation 53 Computer simulation 110 112 144 Concentration 7 Constant of motion 32 194 Coordinate space 26 Coordination 83 Correlations in phase space 211 Cosmology 1 Courbage, M. 219 226 242 Cowling, T.G. 155 160 163 Critical fluctuation 142 Critical point 138 142 201 Critical size 145 Critical value 89 104 Cross catalysis 108 121 Curie point 144 Curtiss, C.F. 163 D'Espagnat, B. 48 65 66 242 Damping 195 Darwin, C. 84 156 de Broglie, L. 48 202 de Donder, T. 85 De Kepper, P. 122 Decay of unstable particles 67 69 186 Degeneracy 64 199 Degenerate bifurcation 120 Degree of advancement 84 Democritus 3 Density fluctuation 195 Density in phase space 24 26 28 158 170 179 196 Density operator 61—62 65—66 168—169 180 Determinism 20 37 57 131 210 Dewel, G. 138 Diagonal matrix 55 Diagonalization 56 Diffusion 4 6 12 85 104 142 147 Dirac, P. 48 50 53 55 61 dispersion 133 Dispersion equation 96—97 110 146 196 Dissipation 88 197 Dissipative structure 84 90 100 103 119 145 213 Dissipativity condition 186 197 Distribution function see “density in phase space” Drosophila 119 Dynamical description 1 Dynamical group 212 Dynamical systems 33 37—38 60 175 Dynamics 3 12 13 23 32 49 65 196 Ecological fluctuation 123 Ecological niche 124 Ecology 123 Economic function 125 Eddington, A. 205 Ehrenfest, P. 10 166 Ehrenfest, T. 10 166 Eigen, M. 10 108 109 Eigenfunctions 27 50—52 55 58 64—65 158 174 190 Eigenvalues 27 50—51 55 64 65 189 Einstein's relation 201 Einstein, A. 20 23 24 48 70 156 201—203 210 214—215 255 Electron 1 59 69 70 197 Elementary particles 1 4 197 199 Energy 21 29 64 79 Energy level 49—50 56 57 80 199 Energy of world lines 20 Energy theory 21 59 158 170 179 206 Enskog, D. 163 entropy 5 10 45 66 77 156 206 241—248 Entropy change 5 78 Entropy excess production 92—93 95 Entropy flow 85 Entropy increase 10 80 Entropy operator 158 174 180—182 187—188 191 196—197 207 209 219—231 241—248 Entropy production 5 78 84—92 169 183 186 Environmental noise 147 Enzymes 83 116 122 Equilibrium 7 65 78 Equilibrium ensembles 29 64 173 180 Equilibrium entropy 29 Equilibrium structure 81 Ergodic flow 37 188 Ergodic hypothesis 33 Ergodic surface 37 Ergodic systems 21 33—35 37—38 42 64 175 188 193 Erneux, T. 120 Escherichia coli 123 Euclid 104 Event horizon 1 Exponential decay 68 69 199 Factorizable superoperator 180 Farquhar, I.E. 33 35 64 Feedback mechanisms 95 123 Feller, W. 132 Fermi statistics 59 Fermi, E. 38 Fermion 59 Ferromagnetic system 144 Fick's law 86 Field, R.J. 120—121 First law of thermodynamics 78 Fluctuation 89—90 92 94 100 103 106 108 132 Fluctuation external 147 Fluctuation long-range 138 142 Fokker — Planck equation 138 149 Ford, J. 38 Forster, D. 195 Fourier coefficient 40 Fourier equation 8 12 49 91 Fourier integral 68 Fourier law 86 204 Fourier series 40 Free energy 80 Freed, K.F. 165 Functional organization 83 Galilei, G. 2 12 104 Gas constant 79 Gaussian distribution 11 133 Gaussian white noise 149 Generalized force 86 Generator of motion 242—245 George, C. 49 199 252 Gibbs density 26 29 60 Gibbs distribution function see “Gibbs density” Gibbs ensemble 24 26 60 Gibbs entropy 156 170 Gibbs formula 79 85—86 Gibbs, J.W. 12 23—24 29 78 79 156 170 210 Glansdorff, P. 81 88 91 Glycolytic cycle 95 122 Goldbeter, A. 122 Goldstein, H. 22 29 Golubitsky, M. 120 Gravitation 196 214 Grecos, A. 191 193 194 196 Group 26 212 Haas, A. 48 Hamilton, W. 3 19 Hamiltonian 22 24 31—32 40 49 57—58 68 69 191 Hamiltonian dynamics 157 Hamiltonian equations 21—22 49 56 57 77 208 Hamiltonian operator 50 Hanusse, P. 122 Hard sphere 193 harmonic oscillator 22 30 35 40 48 56 Harmonic solid 56 Heat conductivity 6 8 87 156 Heat flow 85 Heiles, C. 38 39 Heisenberg representation 64 Heisenberg, W. 48 50—51 55—56 70 198 Helmholtz free energy 80 Henon, M. 202 Herman, R. 123 Hermitian conjugate see “adjoint operator” Hermitian operator 26 54 181 191 Herschkowitz-Kaufman, M. 116 Hidden variables 51 65 Hiernaux, J. 119 120 Hilbert space 53 58 61 Hirschfelder, J.O. 163 Hopf bifurcation 110 Hopf, H. 35 110 Horsthemke, W. 147 Hydrodynamic equations 196 Hydrodynamic mode 195 Hydrodynamics 88 Hydrogen atom 4 48 Hydrogen bonds 104 Hypercycle 108 Ideal system 79 94 Indistinguishability 58 66 Innovations 109 128 Instability of motion 43 Integrable systems 21 29 31 32 38 56 Intensive variable 134 141 Interaction 193 Internal fluctuation 147 Invariant tori 37 Invariants 32 33 41—42 192—193 Irreversibility 11—13 44 48—49 66 70 157 176 203 205 Irreversible processes 6 77—78 83 85 Ising model 141 Jammer, M. 47 48 51 54 Jordan, P. 50 55 56 198 k-flow 35 37 43 188 193 Kabashima, S. 147 149 Kadanoff, L. 138 KAM theory 38 Kauffmann, S. 119 Kawakubo, T. 147 149 Kelvin see “Thompson W.” Kepler, J. 20 Ket vector 53 Kinetic constant 94 98 136 Kinetic description 232—240 kinetic energy 22 30 Kinetic equations 96 98 100 135 139 166 192 Kinetic theory 4 43 137 155 Kolmogoroff, H. 19 35 37—38 42
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